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A-Level · UK Government

POL.UKG4 The Structure, Composition and Functions of Parliament

EDEXCEL 9PL0 · Calculators not allowed · about 70 minutes

Total Marks

Name: _______________________________ Date: ____ / ____ / ______

Answer ALL questions. Short answer questions may be brief. For levels-marked questions write a clear, developed response with accurate political knowledge and precise terminology. The source-based question requires answers driven by the extracts provided.

This question tests basic knowledge of the House of Commons composition in the UK Parliament context.

(Total for Question 1 is 1 mark)

This question tests knowledge of constituencies used to elect MPs to the House of Commons as taught on Edexcel 9PL0.

(Total for Question 2 is 1 mark)

Name two types of members who sit in the House of Lords, as required by the Edexcel 9PL0 topic on Parliament composition.

(Total for Question 3 is 2 marks)

State one formal function of Parliament in the UK constitutional context, from the Edexcel 9PL0 specification.

(Total for Question 4 is 2 marks)

This question is about how MPs represent constituents in the House of Commons as described on Edexcel 9PL0.

(a)Explain two ways an MP represents constituents in the House of Commons.(4)

(Total for Question 5 is 4 marks)

This question is about how Parliament supplies government ministers in the UK context.

(Total for Question 6 is 3 marks)

This question is about the role of backbench MPs in scrutinising the executive in the UK Parliament, per Edexcel 9PL0.

(Total for Question 7 is 4 marks)

This question is about private members' bills as a route for backbench MPs to legislate in the UK Parliament context.

(a)Explain two features of private members' bills that affect their chances of becoming law.(6)

(Total for Question 8 is 6 marks)

Source extracts for the next question, context: the House of Lords role in scrutiny. Extract A is a short editorial from a national newspaper, dated 2024, arguing the Lords improves legislation by offering expertise and revision. Extract B is a speech by a member of the House of Lords, dated 2023, arguing the chamber lacks democratic legitimacy and frequently delays government priorities. Using these two extracts, analyse how the House of Lords contributes to legislative scrutiny and the limits of that contribution. Refer closely to the extracts in your answer and use your own knowledge. Each extract above is fictional but plausible and dated; base your answer on them and on Edexcel 9PL0 coverage of Lords functions.

(Total for Question 9 is 30 marks)

This question is about the House of Commons' electoral link to legitimacy. Explain, using two reasons, why the Commons is usually seen as the democratically legitimate chamber in the UK Parliament, according to Edexcel 9PL0 content.

(Total for Question 10 is 6 marks)

This short question concerns the remaining hereditary peers in the House of Lords as of Edexcel 9PL0 teaching. State how many hereditary peers remain entitled to sit, and name the mechanism by which they remain.

(Total for Question 11 is 4 marks)

Evaluate the extent to which the House of Lords is an effective second chamber in the UK Parliament. In your answer, consider composition, methods of scrutiny and the constitutional limits on Lords powers. Use knowledge and reach a reasoned judgement.

(Total for Question 12 is 30 marks)

Mark scheme · POL.UKG4 The Structure, Composition and Functions of Parliament

Question 1

B1 identifies that Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected to the House of Commons
Answer: Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected to the House of Commons.

Question 2

B1 identifies that the UK is divided into geographical constituencies, each electing one MP
Answer: The UK is divided into geographical constituencies, with each constituency electing one MP to the House of Commons.

Question 3

B1 names one correct type, e.g. life peers
B1 names a second correct type, e.g. remaining hereditary peers or bishops
Answer: Any two of: life peers; the remaining hereditary peers; bishops (the Lords Spiritual).

Question 4

B1 identifies one correct function, e.g. legislating
B1 development, e.g. passing laws through both Houses and receiving Royal Assent
Answer: One function is legislating, that is, debating and passing laws through the House of Commons and House of Lords before Royal Assent.

Question 5

(a) B1 identifies one way, e.g. raising constituency issues in Commons debates or questions
(a) B1 explains how this represents constituents, e.g. brings local concerns to national attention and holds ministers to account
(a) B1 identifies a second way, e.g. providing casework and assisting individuals with government services
(a) B1 explains how this represents constituents, e.g. helps constituents resolve problems and gives them a voice in the political system
(a) Answer: An MP represents constituents by raising constituency issues in Commons debates and questions, which brings local concerns to national attention and holds ministers to account, and by doing casework to help individuals with government services and complaints, which gives constituents a direct voice and practical help.

Question 6

B1 identifies that government ministers are normally drawn from members of Parliament, especially MPs from the governing party
B1 identifies that some ministers may be drawn from the House of Lords
B1 brief development, e.g. the PM appoints ministers who must command Commons confidence
Answer: Government ministers are normally drawn from members of Parliament, primarily MPs from the governing party, though some ministers can be peers in the House of Lords; the Prime Minister appoints ministers who must command Parliament's confidence, especially in the Commons.

Question 7

B1 identifies that backbench MPs scrutinise government through questions, debates and votes
B1 explains the impact, e.g. exposing policy weaknesses, forcing ministerial explanation or changes
B1 identifies that backbenchers sit on committees or table amendments
B1 explains the consequence, e.g. shaping legislation or public opinion and constraining the executive
Answer: Backbench MPs scrutinise the executive by asking parliamentary questions, initiating debates and using votes to challenge policy, which can expose weaknesses and force ministerial explanation or policy change; they also participate in committees and table amendments, helping to shape legislation and influence public opinion, thereby constraining the executive.

Question 8

(a) B1 identifies one feature, e.g. limited parliamentary time for debate on Fridays or ballot bills
(a) B1 explains how this limits progress, e.g. lack of time means many bills run out of time and fail
(a) B1 identifies second feature, e.g. government support or opposition
(a) B1 explains its effect, e.g. government backing greatly increases chance of passage, opposition or lack of prioritisation reduces it
(a) B1 identifies third feature, e.g. reliance on cross-party consensus or absence of financial implications
(a) B1 explains its effect, e.g. bills with cross-party support or no major cost are more likely to succeed
(a) Answer: Private members' bills are often limited by restricted parliamentary time, for example much debate happens on Fridays when attendance is low so many bills run out of time and fail; government support or opposition is critical, since backing usually secures time and resources while opposition can block progress; and bills that attract cross-party consensus or have no substantial financial implications have a higher chance of success because they are less controversial and easier to timetable.

Question 9

Level 0 (0): No creditable content.
Level 1 (1-6): Basic, partial use of the extracts with limited explanation. Knowledge of House of Lords functions may be thin or inaccurate. Analysis is descriptive rather than driven by the source.
Level 2 (7-18): Clear use of both extracts with accurate explanation of how the House of Lords can provide expertise and revision, and how critics cite lack of legitimacy and potential delay. Uses own knowledge to develop points, but source integration may be uneven.
Level 3 (19-24): Good, sustained analysis driven by close engagement with both extracts, explaining mechanisms of scrutiny, examples of revision, and the democratic critique and practical limits. Own knowledge is used effectively to support the source analysis.
Level 4 (25-30): Sophisticated, source-led analysis that evaluates strengths and limits of the Lords in scrutiny, integrates specific points from both extracts with precise factual knowledge and reaches a reasoned judgement about the overall contribution of the Lords.
Indicative content:
- From Extract A, the Lords improves legislation by drawing on specialist expertise from life peers with professional backgrounds, enabling detailed amendment and technical scrutiny that complements Commons debate.
- Extract A implies the revising role operates through committee stage amendments and line by line consideration in the Lords, which can identify drafting defects and unintended consequences missed in Commons stages.
- From Extract B, a key limit is lack of democratic legitimacy, since most Lords are appointed life peers rather than elected, and the presence of hereditary peers and bishops can be used to argue the chamber lacks a popular mandate.
- Extract B suggests that the Lords can delay government priorities by opposing or proposing amendments that force the Commons to reconsider, which can be politically costly for ministers seeking rapid implementation of manifesto pledges.
- Own knowledge: the Salisbury Convention and the Parliament Acts constrain the extent to which the Lords can block manifesto-based government legislation, limiting the Lords to delay and revision rather than permanent veto in most circumstances.
- Own knowledge: the expertise point is supported by real-world examples where Lords amendments led to policy clarification or small but important changes, while the legitimacy critique underpins calls for reform such as elected or partially elected second chamber proposals.
- Own knowledge: the composition with life peers appointed for service or expertise strengthens scrutiny in specialist fields such as science, law and medicine, but appointment processes can be politically influenced, which undercuts claims of independence.
- Evaluation might weigh the practical gains from expertise and detailed revision against the democratic deficit and potential for obstruction, concluding the Lords makes a distinctive and valuable contribution to scrutiny, but one that is limited and contested, and which depends on political context and conventions such as Salisbury and the Parliament Acts.

Question 10

B1 identifies that MPs are directly elected by constituents in single member constituencies
B1 explains why this gives legitimacy, e.g. direct electoral mandate and accountability via elections
B1 identifies that the Commons determines the government and holds it to account
B1 explains why this reinforces legitimacy, e.g. government must command Commons confidence and can be removed by losing it
B1 identifies a further reason, e.g. MPs face local accountability through constituency surgeries and casework
B1 explains the effect, e.g. this local accountability strengthens the link between voters and national policy influence
Answer: The Commons is democratically legitimate because MPs are directly elected in single member constituencies, giving them an electoral mandate and accountability at general elections; the Commons determines who forms the government and can remove it by losing confidence, which concentrates national democratic authority in the elected chamber; and MPs face local accountability through surgeries and casework, strengthening the link between voters and national decision making.

Question 11

B1 states the correct number, 92
B1 identifies that they remain following the House of Lords Act 1999 transitional arrangement
B1 explains the mechanism, e.g. 90 elected hereditary peers plus two holders of offices (the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain)
B1 brief development, e.g. replacement hereditary peers are elected by hereditary peer groups when vacancies arise
Answer: There are 92 hereditary peers remaining, retained as a transitional arrangement under the House of Lords Act 1999: 90 elected hereditary peers plus two office holders (the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain), with replacements elected by hereditary peer groups when vacancies occur.

Question 12

Level 0 (0): No relevant content.
Level 1 (1-7): Basic, generalised statements about the House of Lords with limited factual support and little or no developed evaluation. Work may be descriptive without clear judgement.
Level 2 (8-15): Clear knowledge of the Lords composition and some methods of scrutiny with some developed analysis. Evaluation is present but may be one-sided, and judgement is asserted rather than substantiated with balanced evidence.
Level 3 (16-23): Detailed, accurate knowledge of the Lords used to construct a sustained analysis of its effectiveness, considering strengths such as expertise and revision and weaknesses such as democratic deficit and limited powers. Evaluation weighs evidence and reaches a supported judgement.
Level 4 (24-30): Sophisticated knowledge and analysis across composition, scrutiny methods and constitutional limits used to build a tightly argued, balanced evaluation. The response integrates precise examples, addresses counterarguments and reaches a clearly substantiated, nuanced judgement on the extent of the Lords effectiveness.
Indicative content:
- Composition strengths: large number of life peers appointed for expertise and experience across professions such as law, medicine, academia and business, which can strengthen technical scrutiny and amendment of legislation.
- Composition weaknesses: lack of democratic legitimacy because most peers are appointed rather than elected, presence of bishops and remaining hereditary peers, and political patronage in appointments can undermine claims to impartiality.
- Methods of scrutiny strengths: the Lords revises bills in detail during committee and report stages, can propose amendments that improve clarity and remove unintended consequences, and its expertise supports specialist scrutiny; Lords committees can produce influential reports.
- Methods of scrutiny weaknesses: the Lords lacks the power to permanently block most government legislation due to the Parliament Acts and the Salisbury Convention, so its influence is limited to delay and persuasion rather than veto in most cases.
- Constitutional limits: the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 allow the Commons to override the Lords in many circumstances after delays, and the Salisbury Convention restrains the Lords from blocking manifesto commitments, both reducing the Lords capacity to frustrate government policy.
- Practical considerations: the Lords can be effective in improving legislation where government accepts amendments, and in detailed committee work, but effectiveness depends on political context, the government's willingness to accept revision and public pressure.
- Reform and evaluation: arguments for reform include introducing an elected or partially elected chamber to increase legitimacy, while arguments against full election stress the value of appointed expertise and cross-party independence; a balanced judgement weighs legitimacy against practical scrutiny benefits.
- Possible conclusion: the Lords is an effective second chamber in technical and revising terms, providing valuable expertise and improving legislation, but its democratic deficit and constrained constitutional powers mean its overall effectiveness is limited and contested, so it is partially effective rather than fully authoritative as a second chamber.

The Structure, Composition and Functions of Parliament - Worksheets, Questions and Revision