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13+ · Chemistry

CE.S-C5 Chemistry: Metals, the Reactivity Series and Environmental Chemistry

ISEB CE ISEB CE 13+ Science (Chemistry) · Calculator allowed · about 65 minutes

Total Marks

Name: _______________________________ Date: ____ / ____ / ______

Answer ALL questions. Show all your working.

The table below gives some properties of three substances, P, Q and R, at room temperature and pressure.
P: shiny grey solid, good conductor of electricity and heat, malleable, melting point 1535C.
Q: dull yellow solid, poor conductor of electricity and heat, brittle, melting point 115C.
R: colourless gas, poor conductor of electricity, melting point -218C.

(a)State, giving a reason from the table, whether substance P is a metal or a non-metal.(2)

(b)State, giving a reason from the table, whether substance Q is a metal or a non-metal.(2)

(c)State, giving a reason from the table, whether substance R is a metal or a non-metal.(2)

(Total for Question 1 is 6 marks)

Metals and non-metals differ in many of their typical physical properties, although there are some exceptions.

(a)State one physical property, other than appearance, that is typical of most metals.(1)

(b)State one physical property, other than being a poor conductor, that is typical of most non-metals when solid.(1)

(c)Give the name of a non-metal that is an exception, because it is a good conductor of electricity.(1)

(d)Give the name of a metal that is an exception, because it is not a solid at room temperature.(1)

(Total for Question 2 is 4 marks)

A technician tests five metals, potassium, magnesium, zinc, copper and gold, and records their reactions.
Potassium: reacts violently with cold water, bursting into flame. (Too dangerous to test with steam or dilute acid.)
Magnesium: very little reaction with cold water; reacts vigorously with steam, glowing brightly white; reacts steadily with dilute hydrochloric acid, fizzing steadily.
Zinc: no reaction with cold water; reacts slowly with steam, glowing faintly; reacts slowly with dilute hydrochloric acid, fizzing gently.
Copper: no reaction with cold water, steam or dilute hydrochloric acid. However, when a strip of copper is placed into a solution of gold(III) chloride, a layer of solid gold forms on the copper.
Gold: no reaction with cold water, steam, dilute hydrochloric acid, or any common acid.

(a)State which of the five metals is the most reactive, and give one piece of evidence from the data to support your answer.(2)

(b)State which of the five metals is the least reactive, and give one piece of evidence from the data to support your answer.(2)

(c)Use all of the evidence to place magnesium, zinc and copper in order of reactivity, from most to least reactive.(2)

(Total for Question 3 is 6 marks)

Farah places a coil of clean copper wire into a colourless solution of silver nitrate in a test tube. After an hour, she observes that grey crystals have formed on the surface of the copper wire, and the solution has turned pale blue.

(a)Name the grey crystals that form on the copper wire.(1)

(b)Explain, in terms of the reaction taking place, why the solution turns pale blue.(1)

(c)Write a word equation for this reaction.(2)

(d)Use this reaction to state which metal, copper or silver, is more reactive, and explain your reasoning.(2)

(Total for Question 4 is 6 marks)

Boitumelo adds a piece of magnesium ribbon to a solution of zinc sulfate, and separately adds a piece of iron to a fresh solution of zinc sulfate.

(a)Predict what Boitumelo would observe when the magnesium is added to the zinc sulfate solution, and explain your prediction.(1)

(b)Predict what Boitumelo would observe when the iron is added to the zinc sulfate solution, and explain your prediction.(1)

(c)Write a word equation for the reaction between magnesium and zinc sulfate solution.(2)

(Total for Question 5 is 4 marks)

The method used to extract a metal from its ore depends on the metal's position in the reactivity series.

(a)State the method generally used to extract very reactive metals, such as potassium, sodium and aluminium, from their ores.(1)

(b)State the method generally used to extract moderately reactive metals, such as zinc, iron and copper, from their ores.(1)

(c)State how gold is usually obtained, given its very low reactivity.(1)

(d)Explain, in terms of reactivity, why aluminium cannot be extracted from aluminium oxide by heating with carbon, even though this method is cheaper than electrolysis.(1)

(Total for Question 6 is 4 marks)

Iron is extracted from its ore, iron oxide, by heating it with carbon in a blast furnace. Carbon dioxide is also produced in the reaction.

(a)Write a word equation for the reaction between iron oxide and carbon.(2)

(b)Iron oxide loses oxygen to form iron in this reaction. Name this type of reaction.(1)

(c)In the same reaction, carbon gains oxygen to form carbon dioxide. Name this type of reaction.(1)

(d)Explain why this reaction is described as a redox reaction.(2)

(Total for Question 7 is 6 marks)

In the thermite reaction, powdered aluminium reacts with iron(III) oxide to produce molten iron and aluminium oxide. This highly exothermic reaction is used to weld railway tracks together.
aluminium + iron oxide -> aluminium oxide + iron

(a)State the type of reaction occurring between aluminium and iron oxide.(1)

(b)Explain, in terms of reactivity, why aluminium is able to displace iron from iron oxide.(2)

(c)In one thermite reaction, 270 g of aluminium reacts completely with 800 g of iron(III) oxide to produce 560 g of iron. Using conservation of mass, calculate the mass of aluminium oxide also produced.(3)

(d)Suggest, in terms of the state of the iron produced, why the thermite reaction is useful for welding railway tracks.(1)

(Total for Question 8 is 7 marks)

Rusting is the corrosion of iron (or steel) to form hydrated iron oxide.

(a)State the two substances from the environment that are both needed for iron to rust.(1)

(b)Write a word equation for the rusting of iron (you may ignore water of crystallisation).(2)

(c)Explain why a car with a scratch in its paintwork rusts more quickly at the scratch than on the rest of the bodywork.(2)

(Total for Question 9 is 5 marks)

Ship hulls made of steel are often protected from rusting by attaching blocks of a more reactive metal, such as zinc or magnesium, to the hull below the waterline. This is called sacrificial protection.

(a)Explain, in terms of reactivity, how attaching a block of zinc protects the steel hull from rusting.(2)

(b)Suggest, in terms of reactivity, why a block of copper would not be suitable for sacrificial protection of a steel hull.(2)

(c)State one other everyday method, other than sacrificial protection, used to prevent iron or steel from rusting.(1)

(Total for Question 10 is 5 marks)

An unprotected steel nail with a mass of 4.80 g is left outdoors and rusts completely over several years. The rusted nail (now entirely hydrated iron oxide) has a mass of 6.86 g.

(a)Calculate the increase in mass of the nail due to rusting.(2)

(b)Calculate the percentage increase in mass of the nail, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.(3)

(c)Explain, in terms of particles gained from the air, why the mass of the nail increases as it rusts.(2)

(Total for Question 11 is 7 marks)

Rocks are classified into three main types: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

(a)Describe how igneous rock forms.(2)

(b)Describe how sedimentary rock forms.(2)

(c)Describe how metamorphic rock forms.(1)

(Total for Question 12 is 5 marks)

Over millions of years, granite (an igneous rock) exposed at the Earth's surface is broken down, and the resulting sediment is eventually deposited to form a new sedimentary rock.

(a)State the name of the process by which rock is broken down in place by the weather, without being moved.(1)

(b)State the name of the process by which the broken rock fragments are then moved to a new location.(1)

(c)Name the two processes that turn loose, deposited sediment into solid sedimentary rock.(1)

(d)Explain how the sedimentary rock formed in this way could later become a metamorphic rock.(2)

(Total for Question 13 is 5 marks)

The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water between the oceans, atmosphere and land.

(a)Name the process by which liquid water changes into water vapour, mainly from the surface of oceans and lakes.(1)

(b)Name the process by which water vapour in the atmosphere cools and changes back into tiny liquid water droplets, forming clouds.(1)

(c)Name the process by which water falls from clouds back to the Earth's surface, for example as rain or snow.(1)

(d)Explain, using the term 'transpiration', how plants play a part in the water cycle.(2)

(Total for Question 14 is 5 marks)

A reservoir holds 2,400,000 m³ of water at the start of a hot, dry summer month. Over the course of the month, evaporation causes the volume of water in the reservoir to fall by 15%, with no rainfall to replace it.

(a)Calculate the volume of water lost from the reservoir by evaporation during the month.(2)

(b)Calculate the volume of water remaining in the reservoir at the end of the month.(2)

(c)Suggest one reason why the rate of evaporation from the reservoir would be lower in winter than in summer.(1)

(Total for Question 15 is 5 marks)

Clean, dry air is approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon and 0.04% carbon dioxide, by volume, with tiny amounts of other gases.

(a)State the name of the most abundant gas in the air.(1)

(b)A sample of clean, dry air has a volume of 600 cm^3. Calculate the volume of oxygen in this sample.(2)

(c)Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide in the same 600 cm³ sample of air.(2)

(Total for Question 16 is 5 marks)

Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels that contain sulfur impurities, release pollutant gases into the air that can lead to acid rain.

(a)Name one gas, produced when fossil fuels containing sulfur impurities are burned, that contributes to acid rain.(1)

(b)Explain how this gas leads to the formation of acid rain.(2)

(c)Describe one harmful effect of acid rain on the environment.(1)

(Total for Question 17 is 4 marks)

Burning fossil fuels also releases gases into the atmosphere that are linked to global warming (the enhanced greenhouse effect).

(a)Name the gas released when fossil fuels burn that is the main gas linked to global warming.(1)

(b)Explain, in terms of energy, how carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contributes to global warming.(2)

(c)Suggest one way that carbon dioxide emissions from human activity could be reduced.(1)

(Total for Question 18 is 4 marks)

Car engines release nitrogen oxides and tiny solid particles (particulates) into the air, especially in busy cities.

(a)Explain why nitrogen oxides are produced inside a car engine, even though air is mostly nitrogen and oxygen, which do not normally react with each other.(2)

(b)State one harmful effect of nitrogen oxides on human health or the environment.(1)

(c)Suggest why particulates (soot) from diesel engines are a particular concern for human health in cities.(1)

(Total for Question 19 is 4 marks)

Describe the processes involved in the formation of a metamorphic rock from an existing igneous rock, and explain how that metamorphic rock could eventually be recycled back into magma.

(Total for Question 20 is 6 marks)

Mark scheme · CE.S-C5 Chemistry: Metals, the Reactivity Series and Environmental Chemistry

Question 1

(a) B1 metal, cao
(a) B1 valid reason, e.g. it is a good conductor of electricity/heat, or it is malleable, or it is shiny, oe
(a) Answer: Metal, because it is a good conductor of electricity and heat and is malleable.
(b) B1 non-metal, cao
(b) B1 valid reason, e.g. it is a poor conductor of electricity/heat, or it is brittle, or it is dull, oe
(b) Answer: Non-metal, because it is a poor conductor of electricity and heat and is brittle.
(c) B1 non-metal, cao
(c) B1 valid reason, e.g. it is a poor conductor of electricity, or it has a very low melting point (it is a gas at room temperature), oe
(c) Answer: Non-metal, because it is a poor conductor of electricity and has a very low melting point, so it is a gas at room temperature.

Question 2

(a) B1 any one of: good conductor of electricity, good conductor of heat, malleable, ductile, sonorous (makes a ringing sound), high density, high melting/boiling point, oe
(a) Answer: Example: metals are good conductors of electricity.
(b) B1 any one of: brittle, dull, low density, low melting/boiling point, oe
(b) Answer: Example: most solid non-metals are brittle.
(c) B1 carbon (graphite), cao
(c) Answer: Carbon, in the form of graphite.
(d) B1 mercury, cao
(d) Answer: Mercury.

Question 3

(a) B1 potassium, cao
(a) B1 evidence, e.g. it reacts violently with cold water and bursts into flame, unlike any of the other metals, oe
(a) Answer: Potassium, because it reacts violently with cold water and bursts into flame, which none of the other metals do.
(b) B1 gold, cao
(b) B1 evidence, e.g. gold does not react with water, steam or any acid, and is displaced (from solution) by copper, showing it is even less reactive than copper, oe
(b) Answer: Gold, because it does not react with water, steam or any acid, and copper is even able to displace gold from solution, showing gold is less reactive than every other metal tested.
(c) M1 identifies magnesium as more reactive than zinc, since magnesium reacts faster/more vigorously with both steam and dilute acid, oe
(c) A1 magnesium, zinc, copper (in that order), cao
(c) Answer: Magnesium, then zinc, then copper.

Question 4

(a) B1 silver, cao
(a) Answer: Silver.
(b) B1 copper displaces silver from the solution, forming (blue) copper nitrate solution, oe
(b) Answer: The copper displaces the silver, forming copper nitrate solution, which is blue.
(c) B1 copper + silver nitrate ->
(c) B1 copper nitrate + silver, both needed
(c) Answer: copper + silver nitrate -> copper nitrate + silver
(d) B1 copper is more reactive, cao
(d) B1 because a more reactive metal will always displace a less reactive metal from a solution of its salt, oe
(d) Answer: Copper is more reactive than silver, because a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from a solution of its salt.

Question 5

(a) B1 a grey deposit of zinc forms on the magnesium (a reaction occurs), because magnesium is more reactive than zinc, oe
(a) Answer: A grey deposit of zinc forms on the magnesium, because magnesium is more reactive than zinc and displaces it from solution.
(b) B1 no visible reaction/no change occurs, because iron is less reactive than zinc, oe
(b) Answer: No reaction occurs, because iron is less reactive than zinc and so cannot displace it from solution.
(c) B1 magnesium + zinc sulfate ->
(c) B1 magnesium sulfate + zinc, both needed
(c) Answer: magnesium + zinc sulfate -> magnesium sulfate + zinc

Question 6

(a) B1 electrolysis, cao
(a) Answer: Electrolysis.
(b) B1 reduction with (heating with) carbon (or carbon monoxide), oe
(b) Answer: Reduction by heating with carbon.
(c) B1 it is found (already) as the pure/native metal in the ground, not combined as a compound, oe
(c) Answer: It is found as the pure (native) metal in the ground.
(d) B1 aluminium is more reactive than carbon, so carbon cannot displace/remove the oxygen from (reduce) aluminium oxide, oe
(d) Answer: Aluminium is more reactive than carbon, so carbon is not able to displace it from aluminium oxide.

Question 7

(a) B1 iron oxide + carbon ->
(a) B1 iron + carbon dioxide, both needed
(a) Answer: iron oxide + carbon -> iron + carbon dioxide
(b) B1 reduction, cao
(b) Answer: Reduction.
(c) B1 oxidation, cao
(c) Answer: Oxidation.
(d) B1 reduction and oxidation happen at the same time, in the same reaction, oe
(d) B1 iron oxide is reduced (loses oxygen) while carbon is oxidised (gains oxygen), oe
(d) Answer: It is a redox reaction because reduction and oxidation both happen at the same time: iron oxide is reduced (loses oxygen) while carbon is oxidised (gains oxygen).

Question 8

(a) B1 (a) displacement (reaction), cao
(a) Answer: A displacement reaction.
(b) B1 aluminium is more reactive than iron, oe
(b) B1 so aluminium can displace/remove the less reactive metal (iron) from its oxide/compound, oe
(b) Answer: Aluminium is more reactive than iron, so it can displace the less reactive iron from iron oxide.
(c) M1 total mass of reactants = 270 + 800 (= 1070), oe
(c) M1 mass of aluminium oxide = their total mass of reactants - 560, oe
(c) A1 510 (g), cao
(c) Answer: 510 g
(d) B1 the reaction releases enough heat energy to produce molten (liquid) iron, which fills the gap between the rails and then solidifies, joining them, oe
(d) Answer: The reaction releases so much heat that the iron produced is molten, which flows into the gap between the rails and solidifies, welding them together.

Question 9

(a) B1 oxygen and water, both needed, cao
(a) Answer: Oxygen and water.
(b) B1 iron + oxygen + water ->
(b) B1 (hydrated) iron oxide, oe
(b) Answer: iron + oxygen + water -> hydrated iron oxide
(c) B1 the paint layer normally acts as a barrier, keeping oxygen and water away from the iron/steel underneath, oe
(c) B1 at the scratch the paint no longer covers the metal, so oxygen and water can reach the iron/steel directly and rusting starts there, oe
(c) Answer: The paint normally acts as a barrier, keeping oxygen and water away from the metal, but at the scratch the metal is exposed, so oxygen and water can reach it and rusting begins there.

Question 10

(a) B1 zinc is more reactive than iron, oe
(a) B1 so the zinc reacts with/corrodes in the presence of oxygen and water in preference to the iron, protecting the iron/steel hull, oe
(a) Answer: Zinc is more reactive than iron, so it corrodes in preference to the iron, protecting the steel hull from rusting.
(b) B1 copper is less reactive than iron, oe
(b) B1 so the iron would corrode/rust in preference to the copper, meaning the copper would not protect the hull (rusting could even speed up), oe
(b) Answer: Copper is less reactive than iron, so the iron would corrode in preference to the copper, meaning the copper would give no protection.
(c) B1 any sensible barrier method, e.g. painting, oiling/greasing, galvanising (coating with zinc), coating with plastic/grease, oe
(c) Answer: Example: painting the surface to keep out oxygen and water.

Question 11

(a) M1 6.86 - 4.80, oe
(a) A1 2.06 (g), cao
(a) Answer: 2.06 g
(b) M1 their (a) / 4.80, oe, ft
(b) M1 x 100
(b) A1 42.9%, awrt
(b) Answer: 42.9%
(c) B1 the iron reacts with/combines with oxygen and water from the air, oe
(c) B1 these extra oxygen and water particles become chemically bonded into the rust, adding to the total mass, oe
(c) Answer: The iron combines with oxygen and water from the air to form rust, and these extra particles become part of the solid, adding to its mass.

Question 12

(a) B1 molten rock (magma or lava) cools, oe
(a) B1 and solidifies, forming crystals, oe
(a) Answer: Molten rock (magma or lava) cools and solidifies, forming interlocking crystals.
(b) B1 small pieces (sediment) of weathered/eroded rock, or shell/organic fragments, are deposited in layers, oe
(b) B1 the layers are compacted and cemented together over a long time, oe
(b) Answer: Layers of sediment (weathered rock fragments or shell fragments) are deposited, then compacted and cemented together over a long time.
(c) B1 an existing rock is subjected to high heat and/or pressure, without melting, changing its structure to form a new rock, oe
(c) Answer: An existing rock is changed by high heat and/or pressure, without melting, forming a new metamorphic rock.

Question 13

(a) B1 weathering, cao
(a) Answer: Weathering.
(b) B1 erosion (or transportation), oe
(b) Answer: Erosion (transportation).
(c) B1 compaction and cementation, both needed
(c) Answer: Compaction and cementation.
(d) B1 if the sedimentary rock becomes buried deep underground, oe
(d) B1 it is subjected to high heat and pressure, which changes its structure into metamorphic rock, without melting, oe
(d) Answer: If the sedimentary rock is buried deep underground, it experiences high heat and pressure, which changes its structure into metamorphic rock without it melting.

Question 14

(a) B1 evaporation, cao
(a) Answer: Evaporation.
(b) B1 condensation, cao
(b) Answer: Condensation.
(c) B1 precipitation, cao
(c) Answer: Precipitation.
(d) B1 plants absorb water from the soil through their roots, oe
(d) B1 and lose it as water vapour from their leaves, a process called transpiration, which adds water vapour to the atmosphere, oe
(d) Answer: Plants absorb water through their roots and lose it as water vapour from their leaves, a process called transpiration, which adds water vapour to the atmosphere.

Question 15

(a) M1 2,400,000 x 0.15, oe
(a) A1 360,000 m³, cao
(a) Answer: 360,000 m³
(b) M1 2,400,000 - their (a), or 2,400,000 x 0.85, oe, ft
(b) A1 2,040,000 m³, cao
(b) Answer: 2,040,000 m³
(c) B1 lower temperatures in winter, oe (accept less sunlight/less wind in winter)
(c) Answer: Winter temperatures are lower, so the water particles have less energy and evaporate more slowly.

Question 16

(a) B1 nitrogen, cao
(a) Answer: Nitrogen.
(b) M1 600 x 0.21, oe
(b) A1 126 cm³, cao
(b) Answer: 126 cm³
(c) M1 600 x 0.0004, oe
(c) A1 0.24 cm³, cao
(c) Answer: 0.24 cm³

Question 17

(a) B1 sulfur dioxide, cao (accept nitrogen oxides)
(a) Answer: Sulfur dioxide.
(b) B1 the gas dissolves in/reacts with water droplets/moisture in the clouds, oe
(b) B1 forming a dilute acid, which then falls to the ground as (acid) rain, oe
(b) Answer: The gas dissolves in water droplets in clouds, forming a dilute acid, which falls to the ground as acid rain.
(c) B1 any sensible effect, e.g. damages/kills trees and plants, acidifies lakes and rivers harming aquatic life, erodes/damages limestone buildings and statues, oe
(c) Answer: Example: acid rain acidifies lakes and rivers, which can harm or kill fish and other aquatic life.

Question 18

(a) B1 carbon dioxide, cao
(a) Answer: Carbon dioxide.
(b) B1 carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) absorbs heat energy (infrared radiation) radiated from the Earth's surface, oe
(b) B1 and re-radiates some of this energy back towards the Earth, increasing the average temperature of the atmosphere, oe
(b) Answer: Carbon dioxide absorbs heat energy radiated from the Earth's surface and re-radiates some of it back towards the Earth, trapping extra energy and increasing the average temperature.
(c) B1 any sensible suggestion, e.g. using renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels, improving energy efficiency, planting more trees, using public transport/electric vehicles, oe
(c) Answer: Example: generating more electricity from renewable sources, such as wind or solar, instead of burning fossil fuels.

Question 19

(a) B1 the high temperature (and pressure) inside the engine, oe
(a) B1 provides enough energy for nitrogen and oxygen from the air to react together, forming nitrogen oxides, oe
(a) Answer: The high temperature inside the engine provides enough energy for nitrogen and oxygen from the air to react, forming nitrogen oxides.
(b) B1 any sensible effect, e.g. contributes to acid rain, irritates the lungs/causes breathing problems, contributes to photochemical smog, oe
(b) Answer: Example: nitrogen oxides can irritate the lungs and worsen breathing problems such as asthma.
(c) B1 the tiny particles can be breathed deep into the lungs, oe (accept causing or worsening breathing/lung problems)
(c) Answer: Their tiny size means particulates can be breathed deep into the lungs, where they can cause or worsen breathing problems.

Question 20

Level 1 (1-2): Basic, isolated statements, such as 'heat changes the rock' or 'rocks melt', with little or no detail on the processes involved or how the rock cycle continues.
Level 2 (3-4): A reasonable description is given of how heat and/or pressure change the igneous rock into metamorphic rock, with some reference to further heating or melting, though detail may be incomplete or the sequence unclear.
Level 3 (5-6): A clear, logical, detailed account, correctly describing how burial exposes the igneous rock to high heat and pressure to form metamorphic rock without melting, and how still greater heat can fully melt the metamorphic rock into magma, using accurate scientific vocabulary throughout.
Indicative content:
- The igneous rock becomes buried deeper underground, for example by later layers of rock forming above it.
- As it is buried more deeply, it experiences increasing heat from the Earth's interior and increasing pressure from the weight of rock above it.
- This heat and pressure changes the structure/crystals of the igneous rock, without it melting, forming a new metamorphic rock.
- If the metamorphic rock is buried even more deeply, or moves close to magma, it experiences even higher temperatures.
- At a high enough temperature, the metamorphic rock melts completely, forming magma.
- This magma may later cool and solidify again to form new igneous rock, continuing the rock cycle.
- The whole process, from igneous rock through metamorphic rock and back to magma, can take millions of years.

Chemistry: Metals, the Reactivity Series and Environmental Chemistry - Worksheets, Questions and Revision