Formation of the Nazi Party and Hitler's Rise to Leadership, 1919-1921
The Nazi Party began as the small German Workers' Party (DAP), founded by the locksmith Anton Drexler in Munich in January 1919. Adolf Hitler, working at the time as an army intelligence agent sent to monitor political groups, attended a DAP meeting in September 1919, joined the party soon afterwards, and quickly became its most effective public speaker, drawing growing crowds to its meetings with his forceful, emotional style. In February 1920, the party was renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), and its new 25-Point Programme was announced the same month. Hitler's speaking ability, energy and growing following made him increasingly central to the small party's fortunes, and in July 1921, after a dispute with other party leaders, he was given dictatorial control over the party as its Fuhrer, ending any real internal challenge to his leadership.
Before you start
Make sure you're comfortable with these topics first:
Method
- Learn the party's original name and founder precisely: the German Workers' Party (DAP), founded by Anton Drexler in Munich in January 1919, before Hitler was ever involved.
- Learn how Hitler first became involved: he attended a DAP meeting in September 1919 as an army intelligence agent sent to monitor small political groups, not as a founder, and joined the party shortly afterwards.
- Learn what made Hitler stand out early on: his skill as a public speaker, using forceful, emotional rhetoric that drew larger crowds to party meetings than the DAP had previously managed.
- Learn the renaming and programme launch precisely: the party became the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) in February 1920, the same month its 25-Point Programme was announced.
- Learn how Hitler secured full control: in July 1921, after a dispute with rival party leaders, he was given dictatorial powers as the party's Fuhrer, removing any effective internal opposition to his leadership.
- For a 4-mark 'give two things you can infer' question, look for what a source suggests about either the party's small, informal beginnings or Hitler's growing personal influence within it.
- For a 12-mark 'explain why' question, treat Hitler's personal ability (oratory, energy) and the party's internal weakness (small size, lack of an established leader) as separate, linked reasons why he could rise so quickly.
Worked example
Explain why Hitler was able to rise from a new party member in 1919 to become leader of the NSDAP with dictatorial powers by July 1921.
- Identify Hitler's starting position: he joined the small German Workers' Party in late 1919 as an ordinary member, sent originally to observe the group rather than to lead it.
- Explain his early advantage with detail: his forceful, emotional speaking style quickly drew larger audiences to party meetings than the DAP had previously attracted, making him valuable to a small party eager to grow.
- Explain the party's weakness with detail: the DAP was tiny and loosely organised, without a strong, established leader, which gave an energetic, effective speaker like Hitler unusual room to increase his influence quickly.
- Explain the final step with detail: in July 1921, after a dispute with rival leaders who wanted to limit his power, Hitler threatened to resign, knowing his popularity made him difficult to replace, and was instead given dictatorial control over the party as Fuhrer.
- Conclude by linking cause and effect: Hitler's personal ability as a speaker combined with the party's own smallness and disorganisation to let him convert popularity into formal, unchallenged control within less than two years.
Practice questions
Type your answer and press Check to be marked straight away, or reveal the answer and mark yourself.
Q1What was the original name of the party Hitler joined in 1919?Show answer
Answer: The German Workers' Party (DAP).
Q2Who founded the German Workers' Party in January 1919?Show answer
Answer: Anton Drexler.
Q3In what capacity did Hitler first attend a DAP meeting in September 1919?Show answer
Answer: As an army intelligence agent sent to monitor the political group, not as a founder or early leader.
Q4What skill made Hitler stand out quickly within the party?Show answer
Answer: His ability as a forceful, emotional public speaker, which drew growing crowds to party meetings.
Q5In what month and year was the party renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)?Show answer
Answer: February 1920.
Q6What happened to Hitler's position within the party in July 1921?Show answer
Answer: He was given dictatorial control over the party as its Fuhrer, after a dispute with rival leaders.
Exam-style questions
Written in the style of a GCSE History exam paper, with a full mark scheme.
Study Source A. Source A: from the recollection of an early German Workers' Party member, describing a meeting in late 1919. 'The room usually held perhaps twenty of us, mostly talking quietly among ourselves. But when the new man, Hitler, stood to speak, something changed. His voice rose and fell, his arguments were simple but delivered with real conviction, and by the time he finished, several strangers who had wandered in from the street stayed to ask how they could join.' Give two things you can infer from Source A about the early German Workers' Party and Hitler's role within it. Complete the table below. Inference 1: Detail in the source that tells you this: Inference 2: Detail in the source that tells you this:
Show mark scheme
Tick each line you got. Your score builds from the marks on the scheme.
Nothing ticked yet - 4 available
Explain why Hitler was able to become leader of the NSDAP by 1921.
Show mark scheme
Tick each line you got. Your score builds from the marks on the scheme.
Nothing ticked yet - 12 available
Study Sources B and C. Source B: the German Workers' Party membership card issued to Hitler, describing him as member number 555 on the general roll, though party records later presented him as an early founding member to strengthen his authority. Source C: a short notice in a Munich newspaper, October 1919, describing a public meeting addressed by 'a Herr Hitler of the German Workers' Party' to an audience the newspaper estimated at just over one hundred people. How useful are Sources B and C for an enquiry into the early growth of the Nazi Party in the years 1919 to 1921? Explain your answer using Sources B and C and your contextual knowledge.
Show mark scheme
Tick each line you got. Your score builds from the marks on the scheme.
Nothing ticked yet - 16 available
See real GCSE History past-paper questions, with official mark schemes →
Free printable worksheet
Want more practice on paper? Download the formation of the nazi party and hitler's rise to leadership, 1919-1921 worksheet pack - 9 pages of exam-style questions with a full mark scheme. One email opens every download in this browser for 14 days - no account, no card. Print it for personal and classroom use.
Next topics
Not quite what you needed?
Tell us what is missing on formation of the nazi party and hitler's rise to leadership, 1919-1921, or which topic to write up next. Every request is read, and we reply to every one.
Build a full practice pack.
This topic is one of hundreds in the library - pick the ones a student needs and generate a printable PDF in minutes.