Particles and their Behaviour

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• gas particles are far apart, with large spaces between them, so pushing them closer together reduces the volume by a large amount1 mark
• solid particles are already packed closely together with almost no space between them, so there is very little room left to compress. Final answer: gas particles have large gaps to close up, but solid particles are already touching, so gases compress easily and solids do not.1 mark

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• melting point = 48 degrees C1 mark
• during melting, the energy supplied is used to break the forces (bonds) holding the particles in their fixed positions, rather than to increase their kinetic energy1 mark
• because the particles' average kinetic energy is not increasing during this stage, the temperature does not rise1 mark
• final answer: the temperature stays at 48 degrees C until all the solid has melted, because the energy is being used to overcome forces between particles rather than to heat the substance further1 mark

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• the container is rigid, so its volume cannot change; the volume of the gas therefore stays the same1 mark
• cooling the gas decreases the average kinetic energy of its particles, so they move more slowly, on average1 mark
• the particles collide with the walls of the container less often1 mark
• the particles also collide with the walls with less force1 mark
• fewer, weaker collisions per second means the pressure of the gas decreases1 mark
• final answer: the volume stays the same, fixed by the rigid container, but the pressure decreases as the gas is cooled, because the slower-moving particles collide with the walls less often and with less force1 mark

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