State the region of England in which Bristol is located, and name the river that runs through the city.
(Total for Question 1 is 1 mark)
2
Give one reason why Bristol's port location helped its historical growth in trade.
(Total for Question 2 is 1 mark)
3
Define the term 'net migration' as used when analysing city population change.
(Total for Question 3 is 1 mark)
4
State two reasons why people from other parts of the UK move to Bristol.
(Total for Question 4 is 2 marks)
5
Give two examples of international migrant communities historically significant in Bristol.
(Total for Question 5 is 2 marks)
6
Explain what is meant by 'push' factors and give one example of a push factor that might cause international migration to Bristol.
(Total for Question 6 is 2 marks)
7
Table: Bristol city population and net migration in two decades.
Year
Mid-year population (thousands)
Net migration that year (people)
2005
418
4,200
2015
463
6,800
Using the table, calculate the absolute change in population between 2005 and 2015, and calculate the average annual net migration over the decade 2006-2015 inclusive using the 2015 net migration figure as representative. Give your answers with units.
(Total for Question 7 is 3 marks)
8
Describe one way that EU migration into Bristol since 2004 has contributed to the local labour market.
(Total for Question 8 is 2 marks)
9
Give two opportunities for Bristol that arise from international migration and two challenges that arise from rapid population growth in the city.
(Total for Question 9 is 3 marks)
10
Explain how migration can lead to both economic benefits and social tensions in Bristol. Support your explanation with two linked points.
(Total for Question 10 is 4 marks)
11
Explain TWO impacts of migration on housing and neighbourhood inequality in Bristol.
(Total for Question 11 is 6 marks)
12
Give three methods a city council in Bristol could use to manage housing pressure caused by population growth.
(Total for Question 12 is 3 marks)
13
Suggest one reason why some long-term residents in Bristol might oppose new high density housing developments.
(Total for Question 13 is 2 marks)
14
State whether the following statement about Bristol is an opportunity or a challenge: 'A growing, diverse population creates new businesses and cultural events.'
(Total for Question 14 is 1 mark)
15
Use the Bristol case study and your wider knowledge to answer this question.
"Migration has been more beneficial than harmful to Bristol." Assess the extent to which you agree with this statement.
(Total for Question 15 is 12 marks)
Mark scheme · GEO.HU2 UK City Case Study: Migration and Urban Growth in Bristol
Question 1
B1 South West England and the River Avon, oe
Answer: South West England; the River Avon.
Question 2
B1 e.g. it provided access to sea trade routes, allowing imports and exports to grow, oe
Answer: Because the port provided access to sea trade routes, allowing imports and exports to grow.
Question 3
B1 the difference between the number of people moving into and the number moving out of an area over a given time, oe
Answer: The difference between the number of people moving into and the number moving out of an area over a given time.
Question 4
B1 for example, better job opportunities in professional and service sectors, oe
B1 for example, access to higher education and universities, oe
Answer: Better job opportunities and access to higher education.
Question 5
B1 e.g. Somali community, oe
B1 e.g. Caribbean community, oe
Answer: Somali and Caribbean communities.
Question 6
B1 definition of push factor, e.g. reasons people leave their home area such as conflict, lack of jobs or poor services, oe
B1 one example, e.g. conflict or political instability in the migrant's country, or lack of employment opportunities, oe
Answer: Push factors are reasons people leave their home area, such as conflict or lack of jobs. For example, conflict or unemployment in a migrant's home country might push them to move to Bristol.
Question 7
M1 change in population calculation 463 - 418 seen, oe
A1 45 thousand cao
B1 average annual net migration calculation using 6,800 as representative gives 6,800 people per year, oe
Answer: Population increased by 45 thousand (463,000 - 418,000). Average annual net migration, using 2015's net migration as representative, is 6,800 people per year.
Question 8
B1 description of contribution, e.g. filling labour shortages in sectors such as construction, hospitality or healthcare, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. employers could recruit more easily, helping firms to grow and maintain services, oe
Answer: EU migration has helped fill labour shortages in sectors such as construction and hospitality, allowing employers to recruit more easily and helping firms to grow and maintain services.
Question 9
B1 opportunity 1, e.g. increased cultural diversity, oe
B1 opportunity 2, e.g. greater entrepreneurship and new businesses from migrant communities, oe
B1 challenge, e.g. pressure on affordable housing leading to higher rents and homelessnes, oe
Answer: Opportunities: increased cultural diversity and greater entrepreneurship from migrant communities. Challenge: pressure on affordable housing leading to higher rents and homelessness.
Question 10
B1 economic benefit point, e.g. migrants increase labour supply which can boost local businesses and public services through taxes, oe
B1 linked development, e.g. migrants fill skill gaps, start businesses and increase consumer demand, supporting job creation, oe
B1 social tension point, e.g. rapid in-migration can increase competition for housing and services, causing resentment in some communities, oe
B1 linked development, e.g. visible differences between neighbourhoods such as rising house prices in Clifton and deprivation in St Pauls can increase perceptions of inequality, oe
Answer: Migration increases labour supply which can boost businesses and public finances, and migrants may start businesses and increase demand supporting job creation. At the same time rapid in-migration can raise competition for housing and services, and contrasting neighbourhood changes can increase perceptions of inequality and social tension.
Question 11
B1 impact 1, e.g. increased demand for housing pushes up prices and rents, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. higher prices can price out lower-income residents and lead to gentrification in central areas, oe
B1 further linked detail, e.g. examples in Bristol include rising house prices in Clifton and nearby areas, oe
B1 impact 2, e.g. growth can increase spatial inequality between affluent neighbourhoods and deprived areas such as parts of St Pauls, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. this leads to uneven access to services, education and health, and can concentrate poverty in some wards, oe
B1 further linked detail, e.g. long-term residents may feel excluded as new developments and higher-cost housing change neighbourhood character, oe
Answer: Migration increases demand for housing which pushes up prices and rents, leading to gentrification and pricing out lower-income residents as seen around Clifton and central areas. It also increases spatial inequality by widening differences between affluent neighbourhoods and deprived areas such as parts of St Pauls, causing uneven access to services, education and health and making some wards concentrate poverty.
Question 12
B1 building more affordable housing or social housing, oe
B1 introducing planning policies to require developers to include affordable homes in new developments, oe
B1 using housing subsidies or rent controls for vulnerable households, or repurposing unused buildings, oe
Answer: Build more affordable housing, require developers to include affordable homes through planning policy, and use subsidies or repurpose unused buildings to house vulnerable households.
Question 13
B1 concern about increased traffic and congestion, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. loss of local character and rising property prices making the area less affordable, oe
Answer: They may worry about increased traffic and congestion and the loss of local character, with rising property prices making the area less affordable.
Question 14
B1 opportunity
Answer: Opportunity.
Question 15
Level 4 (10-12): A detailed and well balanced assessment that evaluates both the benefits and harms of migration for Bristol, uses accurate, named examples and evidence, considers short and long term impacts on economy, housing and social cohesion, and reaches a clear, justified judgement on the overall balance.
Level 3 (7-9): A clear assessment that addresses both positive and negative impacts with some specific examples; offers a supported judgement though some points may be less developed.
Level 2 (4-6): Some relevant points about benefits and harms are made, with limited development or generalised examples; an attempt at a judgement is present but weakly supported.
Level 1 (1-3): One or two basic relevant points about migration and its impacts, with little or no development or judgement.
Level 0 (0): No relevant content.
Indicative content:
Benefits: migration increases labour supply, fills skill gaps in sectors such as hospitality, health and construction, and supports economic growth and public services through taxes.
Benefits: cultural diversity enhances creativity, food, festivals and tourism, and migrant entrepreneurs establish new businesses creating jobs and services.
Harms: rapid population growth increases pressure on housing, raising rents and contributing to gentrification, which can displace lower income residents.
Harms: public services such as schools, GPs and social housing can be placed under strain in the short term if growth is rapid without timely investment.
Contextual factors: impacts vary by place within the city, with affluent areas like Clifton benefiting from investment while areas such as parts of St Pauls face concentrated deprivation and service gaps.
Temporal factors: some harms may be short term as investment catches up, while some benefits such as entrepreneurial growth can be long term.
Evaluation: a balanced answer weighs economic and social benefits against housing and service challenges, and may conclude that migration is overall beneficial if managed well, or harmful if growth is unmanaged; judgement must be supported by evidence from Bristol.