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GCSE · AQA

EW1 Changing Economic World: The Development Gap

AQA 8035 · Calculator allowed · about 65 minutes

Total Marks

Name: _______________________________ Date: ____ / ____ / ______

Answer ALL questions. Show all your working.

State what is meant by 'the development gap'.

(Total for Question 1 is 3 marks)

Development can be measured using economic and social measures.

(a)Give one example of an economic measure of development.(2)

(b)Give one example of a social measure of development.(2)

(Total for Question 2 is 4 marks)

Explain TWO limitations of using GNI per capita alone to measure a country's development.

(Total for Question 3 is 4 marks)

State what the letters HDI stand for, and state the THREE things it combines into a single score.

(Total for Question 4 is 4 marks)

The table below shows illustrative development indicators for two hypothetical countries, Country A and Country B, used to practise reading and comparing development data.

Indicator	Country A	Country B
GNI per capita (US dollars)	45,000	900
Life expectancy (years)	81	58
Adult literacy rate (per cent)	99	62
Access to safe drinking water (per cent of population)	100	54

(a)Using the table, state which country appears to have the higher level of development on EVERY indicator shown.(1)

(b)Using the table, describe the pattern shown by the data.(3)

(Total for Question 5 is 4 marks)

Using the table in Question 5, calculate the difference in GNI per capita between Country A and Country B, and comment on what this shows.

(Total for Question 6 is 3 marks)

Explain TWO physical causes of uneven development between countries.

(Total for Question 7 is 5 marks)

Explain how colonial history has contributed to uneven development between some countries.

(Total for Question 8 is 4 marks)

Explain how international trade can contribute to the development gap.

(Total for Question 9 is 4 marks)

This question is about different types of international aid.

(a)Explain the difference between short-term (emergency) aid and long-term (development) aid.(4)

(b)Give an example of top-down aid and an example of bottom-up aid.(2)

(Total for Question 10 is 6 marks)

Describe how the Grameen Bank microfinance scheme in Bangladesh works, and explain how it helps to reduce the development gap.

(Total for Question 11 is 6 marks)

Describe how tourism can help to reduce the development gap, using the example of The Gambia, and explain ONE limitation of relying on tourism for development.

(Total for Question 12 is 5 marks)

Explain ONE consequence of the development gap for international migration.

(Total for Question 13 is 3 marks)

Explain how debt relief (cancelling or reducing money owed by a country) can help to reduce the development gap.

(Total for Question 14 is 3 marks)

Use the examples you have studied in this pack, such as the Grameen Bank (a bottom-up scheme) and a top-down scheme you know of (e.g. a large infrastructure project), to answer this question.

'Bottom-up development strategies are more effective than top-down strategies for reducing the development gap.' Assess the extent to which you agree with this statement.

(Total for Question 15 is 8 marks)

Mark scheme · EW1 Changing Economic World: The Development Gap

Question 1

B1 the difference in levels of development (wealth and quality of life), oe
B1 between the richest and poorest countries (or regions) in the world, oe
B1 which continues to widen or narrow over time, oe
Answer: The development gap is the difference in levels of development (wealth and quality of life) between the richest and poorest countries in the world.

Question 2

(a) B1 e.g. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita / Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, oe
(a) B1 a measure of the average income/wealth generated per person in a country, oe
(a) Answer: GNI per capita, a measure of the average income generated per person in a country.
(b) B1 e.g. life expectancy / literacy rate / infant mortality rate, oe
(b) B1 a measure of quality of life/wellbeing, rather than wealth alone, oe
(b) Answer: Life expectancy, a measure of quality of life rather than wealth alone.

Question 3

B1 GNI per capita is an average, so it does not show how income is distributed, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. a country could have a high average income but very unequal distribution, with much of the population still living in poverty, oe
B1 GNI per capita does not account for the informal economy, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. a lot of unpaid or unofficial work (e.g. subsistence farming, informal trading) is not recorded, so GNI can understate real economic activity, oe
Answer: GNI per capita is an average, so it hides inequality in how income is distributed within a country; it also does not account for the informal economy (unofficial, unrecorded work), so it can understate real economic activity.

Question 4

B1 Human Development Index
B1 life expectancy, oe
B1 education (e.g. expected/mean years of schooling or literacy), oe
B1 income (e.g. GNI per capita), oe
Answer: The Human Development Index (HDI), which combines life expectancy, education, and income (GNI per capita) into a single score.

Question 5

(a) B1 Country A
(a) Answer: Country A.
(b) B1 Country A has much higher values than Country B on every indicator shown, oe
(b) B1 supported with data, e.g. Country A's GNI per capita (45,000 US dollars) is far higher than Country B's (900 US dollars), oe
(b) B1 this suggests Country A has a significantly higher overall level of development than Country B, both economically and socially, oe
(b) Answer: Country A has much higher values than Country B on every indicator (e.g. GNI per capita of 45,000 US dollars compared with 900 US dollars), suggesting Country A has a significantly higher overall level of development.

Question 6

M1 45,000 - 900, oe
A1 44,100 US dollars cao
B1 comment, e.g. this shows a very large absolute gap in average income between the two countries, oe
Answer: 44,100 US dollars; this shows a very large absolute gap in average income between the two countries.

Question 7

B1 cause 1, e.g. climate, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. extreme heat, drought or unreliable rainfall can limit agricultural productivity and increase the spread of some diseases, restricting development, oe
B1 cause 2, e.g. being landlocked (having no direct access to the sea), oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. this can increase the cost and difficulty of trading goods internationally, since goods must cross another country's territory/infrastructure to reach a port, oe
B1 any further valid, distinct physical cause, e.g. a lack of natural resources, or exposure to natural hazards, oe
Answer: Climate: extreme heat, drought or unreliable rainfall can limit farming and increase disease, restricting development. Being landlocked: with no direct sea access, trading goods internationally is more costly and difficult.

Question 8

B1 many former colonies had their natural resources extracted and exported mainly to benefit the colonising country, oe
B1 rather than being used to build up local industry and infrastructure, oe
B1 trade patterns set up during the colonial period often continued afterwards, keeping some former colonies reliant on exporting raw materials rather than manufactured goods, oe
B1 in some cases, colonial borders were drawn without regard to existing ethnic or political groups, which has contributed to conflict and instability in some countries since independence, limiting development, oe
Answer: Colonial powers often extracted resources from colonies mainly for their own benefit, rather than building local industry; the trade patterns this set up often continued after independence, and in some cases colonial borders that ignored existing ethnic groups contributed to later conflict, both limiting development.

Question 9

B1 many lower-income countries export mostly raw materials (primary products), such as unprocessed crops or minerals, oe
B1 the price of raw materials on world markets is often low and can be unstable/fluctuate, oe
B1 but they often have to import expensive manufactured goods, oe
B1 this creates unequal terms of trade, meaning money tends to flow from poorer to richer countries over time, widening the development gap, oe
Answer: Many lower-income countries export cheap, unstable-priced raw materials but import expensive manufactured goods; these unequal terms of trade mean money tends to flow from poorer to richer countries over time, widening the development gap.

Question 10

(a) B1 short-term/emergency aid is immediate help provided after a disaster, e.g. food, water, medical supplies, oe
(a) B1 it aims to meet urgent, basic needs quickly, oe
(a) B1 long-term/development aid supports projects over months or years, e.g. building schools, wells or infrastructure, oe
(a) B1 it aims to help a country develop more sustainably, so it becomes less dependent on aid in future, oe
(a) Answer: Short-term aid provides urgent, immediate help (e.g. food, water, medical supplies) after a disaster; long-term aid supports projects over months or years (e.g. building schools or wells) to help a country develop sustainably.
(b) B1 top-down, e.g. a government-to-government loan or a large infrastructure project (such as a dam), decided and managed by large organisations/governments, oe
(b) B1 bottom-up, e.g. a small, community-led project such as a local well or a microfinance loan scheme, run with the involvement of local people, oe
(b) Answer: Top-down: a large, government-managed infrastructure project such as a dam. Bottom-up: a small, community-led project such as a local well, run with local people's involvement.

Question 11

B1 the Grameen Bank was founded in Bangladesh in 1983 by Muhammad Yunus, oe
B1 it provides microfinance: very small loans, mainly to poor people (particularly women) who could not usually get a loan from a traditional bank, oe
B1 borrowers use the loans to start or grow a small business, e.g. buying tools, materials or livestock, oe
B1 the scheme became known for its very high loan repayment rate, helped in part by borrowers being organised into small support groups, oe
B1 the income earned allows families to improve their standard of living, e.g. affording better food, healthcare or their children's education, oe
B1 as this is a bottom-up scheme, it directly benefits individual families and communities, rather than relying on money reaching them via national government, oe
Answer: The Grameen Bank (founded in Bangladesh, 1983, by Muhammad Yunus) provides microfinance, small loans mainly to poor women, to start small businesses; the resulting income improves families' standard of living, and because it is bottom-up, it benefits communities directly.

Question 12

B1 The Gambia's tourism industry has grown since the 1960s/1970s, mainly attracting visitors from the UK and other European countries, oe
B1 tourism creates jobs, e.g. in hotels, as tour guides, or in transport, oe
B1 and can bring foreign currency into the country, which can be used to invest in infrastructure and services, oe
B1 limitation, e.g. tourism is a seasonal industry, so jobs and income may not be reliable all year round, oe
B1 or, tourism is vulnerable to external shocks (e.g. global recessions, health scares, changes in flight routes) that a country cannot control, which can suddenly reduce visitor numbers and income, oe
Answer: In The Gambia, tourism (mainly from the UK/Europe) creates jobs in hotels, guiding and transport, and brings in foreign currency for investment; however, it is seasonal and vulnerable to external shocks (e.g. global downturns) outside the country's control.

Question 13

B1 the large gap in income and opportunity between richer and poorer countries encourages people to migrate towards richer countries in search of better paid work, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. this can benefit migrants and their families, e.g. through money sent home (remittances), oe
B1 but it can also cause a 'brain drain', where a poorer country loses some of its most skilled or educated workers, oe
Answer: The gap in income and opportunity encourages migration towards richer countries; this can benefit migrants' families through remittances, but can also cause a 'brain drain' of skilled workers from poorer countries.

Question 14

B1 some lower-income countries spend a large share of their government income repaying interest on past loans/debt, oe
B1 debt relief cancels or reduces this debt, freeing up money that would otherwise go on repayments, oe
B1 this money can then be spent on development instead, e.g. on schools, healthcare or infrastructure, oe
Answer: Debt relief cancels or reduces money owed, freeing up government income that would otherwise go on debt repayments so it can be spent on development instead, e.g. schools, healthcare or infrastructure.

Question 15

Level 4 (7-8): A detailed, well-balanced assessment that uses accurate, detailed reference to named bottom-up and top-down strategies (e.g. the Grameen Bank); weighs their relative reach, sustainability and reliability, and reaches a clear, justified conclusion.
Level 3 (5-6): A clear assessment that uses accurate reference to at least one named strategy in some detail; both approaches are considered, and a conclusion is reached, though the balance of the argument may be less developed.
Level 2 (3-4): Some relevant points about bottom-up and/or top-down strategies are made, with limited or generalised detail; a simple conclusion is given with little justification.
Level 1 (1-2): One or two isolated relevant points about development strategies are made, with little or no comparison.
Level 0 (0): No relevant content.
Indicative content:
- Bottom-up strategies (e.g. the Grameen Bank microfinance scheme in Bangladesh) directly reach individuals and communities, are usually low-cost, and build local skills and independence.
- Bottom-up strategies may have limited reach (they can only help the specific families or communities involved) and cannot easily deliver very large infrastructure that a whole country needs, e.g. a national power grid or a major road network.
- Top-down strategies (e.g. a government-to-government loan for a large infrastructure project, such as a dam) can deliver large-scale change that benefits a whole country or region at once.
- Top-down strategies are more expensive, can take longer to plan and complete, and the benefits do not always reach the poorest people first (or at all), especially where corruption or poor management is a problem.
- Some development in practice combines both approaches (large-scale infrastructure alongside community-level schemes), suggesting effectiveness depends on the specific goal, not one approach alone.
- A well-supported conclusion should state a clear judgement on which approach (or combination) is more effective for reducing the development gap, backed by specific evidence from named examples.

Changing Economic World: The Development Gap - Worksheets, Questions and Revision