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GCSE · Human Geography - Economic Development Case Study

GEO.HU6 Economic Development Case Study: Nigeria's Industry and Global Links

AQA 8035 · Calculators not allowed · about 60 minutes

Total Marks

Name: _______________________________ Date: ____ / ____ / ______

Answer ALL questions. Show all your working.

State the region of Africa where Nigeria is located and name its capital city, as used in the Nigeria case study.

(a)Which region of Africa is Nigeria in?(1)

(b)What is the capital city of Nigeria?(1)

(Total for Question 1 is 2 marks)

Define the term 'transnational corporation' in the context of Nigeria's economy and global links.

(Total for Question 2 is 1 mark)

Give TWO reasons why Nigeria is considered regionally important in West Africa.

(Total for Question 3 is 2 marks)

Table A shows percentage employment by economic sector in Nigeria for 1980 and 2020, illustrating structural change in industry.

Sector	1980 (%)	2020 (%)
Agriculture	70	25
Manufacturing	10	15
Services	20	60

Using Table A, describe the pattern of employment change in Nigeria between 1980 and 2020.

(Total for Question 4 is 3 marks)

Using Table A from Question 4, calculate the absolute percentage point change in employment in the services sector from 1980 to 2020.

(Total for Question 5 is 1 mark)

Table B shows Nigeria's exports to three partners in 2021, used here to practise trade data interpretation.

Partner country	Exports value (US million)
China	20,000
United Kingdom	3,000
United States	2,000

a) State which partner received the most exports from Nigeria in 2021.
b) Calculate the percentage of total exports (to these three partners) that went to China. Give your answer to one decimal place.
c) Suggest one reason why China receives a much larger share of Nigeria's exports than the United States or United Kingdom, based on the Nigeria case study.

(a)State which partner received the most exports from Nigeria in 2021.(1)

(b)Calculate the percentage of the total exports to these three partners that went to China. Give your answer to one decimal place.(2)

(c)Suggest one reason why China receives a much larger share of Nigeria's exports than the United States or United Kingdom, based on the Nigeria case study.(1)

(Total for Question 6 is 4 marks)

Name ONE major natural resource produced in the Niger Δ and state ONE environmental problem caused by its extraction, as described in the Nigeria case study.

(Total for Question 7 is 2 marks)

Give TWO positive economic impacts of Shell and other TNCs operating in the Niger Δ, as identified in the Nigeria case study.

(Total for Question 8 is 2 marks)

Explain ONE social problem caused by oil pollution in the Niger Δ and link it to an impact on local people's livelihoods.

(Total for Question 9 is 2 marks)

Explain TWO ways the Nigerian government or other organisations have tried to manage the environmental impacts of oil extraction in the Niger Δ.

(Total for Question 10 is 6 marks)

Use the Nigeria case study (including the role of TNCs such as Shell, changing trade links and environmental impacts) to answer this question.

'Assess the impacts of transnational corporations on Nigeria's development.'

'Assess the impacts of transnational corporations on Nigeria's development.'

(Total for Question 11 is 12 marks)

Name ONE example of a development project mentioned in the Nigeria case study (for example a WaterAid scheme) and state ONE way it improved local quality of life.

(Total for Question 12 is 2 marks)

Explain ONE way Nigeria's growing trade links with China have influenced Nigeria's economic development, as discussed in the case study.

(Total for Question 13 is 2 marks)

Give TWO reasons why industrial growth can lead to environmental problems in Nigeria, as shown in the case study.

(Total for Question 14 is 2 marks)

The Nigerian government wants to increase manufacturing employment from 15% to 25% over the next decade to reduce dependence on oil exports. Suggest TWO realistic strategies the government could use to encourage manufacturing growth, based on the case study context.

(Total for Question 15 is 4 marks)

Evaluate how well Nigeria's management efforts (government regulation, cleanup and community projects) have balanced economic development and environmental protection in the Niger Δ. Use named examples from the case study where possible.

Evaluate how well Nigeria's management efforts have balanced economic development and environmental protection in the Niger Δ.

(Total for Question 16 is 3 marks)

Mark scheme · GEO.HU6 Economic Development Case Study: Nigeria's Industry and Global Links

Question 1

(a) B1 West Africa
(a) Answer: West Africa
(b) B1 Abuja
(b) Answer: Abuja

Question 2

B1 a large company that operates in more than one country, oe
Answer: A large company that operates in more than one country.

Question 3

B1 it has the largest population in Africa (large labour market and consumer base), oe
B1 it has significant natural resources and oil production that influence regional energy markets, oe
Answer: It has the largest population in Africa, creating a large labour market and consumer base; and it has significant natural resources, especially oil production, that influence regional energy markets.

Question 4

B1 a clear statement that employment in agriculture fell greatly, oe
B1 a clear statement that employment in services rose greatly, oe
B1 mention of manufacturing changing only slightly or increasing modestly, and an overall shift from primary to tertiary employment, oe
Answer: Agricultural employment fell greatly from 70% to 25%, while services employment rose sharply from 20% to 60%; manufacturing increased modestly from 10% to 15%. Overall there has been a major shift from primary work in agriculture towards tertiary service-sector jobs.

Question 5

A1 40 percentage points cao
Answer: 40 percentage points

Question 6

(a) B1 China
(a) Answer: China
(b) M1 20,000 / (20,000 + 3,000 + 2,000) seen, oe
(b) A1 80.0% cao
(b) Answer: 80.0%
(c) B1 China has large demand for oil and raw materials and strong trading links with Nigeria, oe
(c) Answer: China has very large demand for oil and raw materials and strong trading links with Nigeria, so it imports a much larger volume of Nigerian exports.

Question 7

B1 oil / petroleum
B1 oil pollution of rivers and farmland, or gas flaring causing air pollution, oe
Answer: Oil; oil pollution of rivers and farmland (or gas flaring causing air pollution).

Question 8

B1 creation of jobs for local people, oe
B1 investment in infrastructure and local services (roads, schools, clinics), oe
Answer: They create jobs for local people and invest in infrastructure and services such as roads, schools or clinics.

Question 9

B1 oil pollution contaminates rivers and soil, reducing fish stocks and harming farming, oe
B1 linked consequence, e.g. loss of income for fishing and farming families and increased poverty, oe
Answer: Oil pollution contaminates rivers and soil, reducing fish stocks and harming farming, which causes loss of income for fishing and farming families and increases local poverty.

Question 10

B1 one method, e.g. stricter regulation and monitoring of oil operations, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. requiring companies to clean up spills and repair pipelines, oe
B1 second method, e.g. investment in remediation and community development projects, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. funding for local clinics, education or clean-water schemes to offset damage, oe
B1 further development, e.g. enforcement against illegal refining and efforts to reduce gas flaring, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. reducing air pollution and health risks for local communities, oe
Answer: Examples include stricter regulation and monitoring of oil operations, requiring companies to clean up spills and repair pipelines; investment in remediation and community development projects such as clinics, schools and clean-water schemes; and enforcement actions against illegal refining and measures to reduce gas flaring to lower air pollution and health risks.

Question 11

Level 3 (7-9): A well-developed assessment that explains both positive and negative impacts of TNCs using accurate, named reference to Nigeria (e.g. Shell in the Niger Delta), considers scale and distribution of those impacts, and reaches a balanced judgement supported by evidence.
Level 2 (4-6): A clear assessment that describes positive and negative impacts with some reference to Nigeria; analysis may be less detailed or less well balanced and the judgement may be generalised.
Level 1 (1-3): One or two relevant points about impacts of TNCs are made with limited or no development or case detail.
Level 0 (0): No relevant content.
Indicative content:
- Positive impacts: job creation directly and indirectly, investment in infrastructure and services, transfer of technology and skills, contribution to GDP and export earnings through oil revenue, and improved international trade links, especially with partners like China that buy oil.
- Negative impacts: environmental damage such as oil spills, water and soil contamination, loss of livelihoods in fishing and farming communities, health problems from pollution and gas flaring, local conflicts over land and resource control, and perceived unequal distribution of benefits with profits often repatriated.
- Scale and distribution: benefits are often concentrated in urban centres and among skilled workers; many local communities in the Niger Delta see few benefits but bear the environmental costs. Consider the difference between national-level economic gains and local-level damage.
- Governance and regulation: weak enforcement, corruption and inadequate compensation can exacerbate negative impacts; where regulation and community engagement are stronger, TNC activity can be more beneficial.
- Conclusion: a balanced judgement weighing national economic advantages and foreign investment against severe local environmental and social costs, suggesting that the overall impact depends on governance, regulation and how revenues are managed and shared.

Question 12

B1 e.g. WaterAid clean-water scheme, oe
B1 linked improvement, e.g. reduced waterborne disease and time saved fetching water, oe
Answer: WaterAid clean-water scheme; it reduced waterborne disease and saved time fetching water, improving health and allowing people more time for work or school.

Question 13

B1 increased export markets for oil and other resources, leading to higher export earnings, oe
B1 linked outcome, e.g. these earnings can finance investment and government spending that support development, oe
Answer: Growing trade with China has provided a large export market for Nigeria's oil and other resources, increasing export earnings that can be used to finance investment and government spending to support development.

Question 14

B1 increased pollution from factories and oil extraction, oe
B1 greater resource use and habitat destruction from expanding infrastructure and urban growth, oe
Answer: Because industrial growth increases pollution from factories and oil extraction, and it leads to greater resource use and habitat destruction as infrastructure and urban areas expand.

Question 15

B1 strategy 1, e.g. invest in education and technical training to provide skilled labour, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. vocational training schemes or partnerships with colleges, oe
B1 strategy 2, e.g. provide tax incentives or subsidies to encourage TNCs and local firms to set up manufacturing plants, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. special economic zones with improved infrastructure and lower taxes, oe
Answer: Examples include investing in education and technical training to provide skilled labour, via vocational schemes and college partnerships; and offering tax incentives or special economic zones with improved infrastructure to attract TNCs and local manufacturers.

Question 16

Level 1 (1-3): A brief evaluation giving one or two linked points about management efforts and their successes or failures, with limited use of named examples.
Level 0 (0): No relevant content.
Indicative content:
- Some government and company efforts exist, such as regulations requiring clean-up, remediation projects, and investment in local clinics and clean-water schemes, which have brought local benefits and reduced some immediate harms.
- However, enforcement is often weak, compensation and clean-up have been slow or inadequate after spills, illegal refining and continued gas flaring continue to cause pollution, and many local communities still experience loss of livelihoods and health problems.
- A judgement might conclude that while there have been targeted improvements and investment, the balance remains poor at local level because economic benefits often outweigh rigorous environmental protection in practice, unless governance and enforcement are substantially strengthened.

Economic Development Case Study: Nigeria's Industry and Global Links - Worksheets, Questions and Revision