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GCSE · Human geography

GEO.HU7 The UK's Economic Change: Deindustrialisation to Post-Industrial Growth

AQA 8035 · Calculators not allowed · about 55 minutes

Total Marks

Name: _______________________________ Date: ____ / ____ / ______

Answer ALL questions. Show all your working.

State what is meant by the term 'deindustrialisation' in the context of the UK economy.

(Total for Question 1 is 1 mark)

Name two parts of the UK economy that have expanded as the country moved to a post-industrial economy.

(Total for Question 2 is 1 mark)

Give one example of a quaternary sector job in the UK.

(Total for Question 3 is 1 mark)

Cambridge Science Park is a well known example of a science and business park. State the city and county where Cambridge Science Park is located and the decade it opened.

(Total for Question 4 is 2 marks)

Explain one economic reason for deindustrialisation in the UK since the 1970s.

(Total for Question 5 is 4 marks)

Table A shows the percentage of UK employment by sector in three years. Use Table A to describe the pattern shown by the data.

Table A

Year	Primary (%)	Secondary (%)	Tertiary and Quaternary (%)
1980	6	40	54
2000	3	25	72
2020	2	10	88

(Total for Question 6 is 3 marks)

Using Table A from Question 6, calculate the percentage point change in secondary sector employment between 1980 and 2020.

(Total for Question 7 is 2 marks)

Explain TWO social or economic impacts of deindustrialisation on a northern UK region, such as parts of the North East or Yorkshire.

(Total for Question 8 is 6 marks)

Give two government strategies introduced to reduce the North-South economic divide in the UK.

(Total for Question 9 is 2 marks)

Explain how Enterprise Zones aim to attract businesses to areas with low investment.

(Total for Question 10 is 4 marks)

Assess the success of strategies, such as Enterprise Zones, HS2 and the Northern Powerhouse, in reducing the North-South divide in the UK. You should make a judgement about overall success and use specific evidence where possible.

'Strategies such as Enterprise Zones, HS2 and the Northern Powerhouse have been successful in reducing the North-South divide.' Assess the extent to which you agree with this statement.

(Total for Question 11 is 12 marks)

Give one example of UK transport infrastructure intended to improve national connections, named in government plans to rebalance the economy.

(Total for Question 12 is 1 mark)

Explain one economic benefit to UK firms from improved digital infrastructure such as faster broadband and 5G.

(Total for Question 13 is 4 marks)

Describe one change in a rural landscape in the UK caused by post-industrial economic change. Use the example of commuter village growth in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, and explain one effect of that change.

(Total for Question 14 is 3 marks)

Table B shows fictional regional GVA per head (thousands of pounds) for four UK regions in 2010 and 2020. Using Table B, state which region had the highest GVA per head in 2020.

Table B

Region	GVA per head 2010 (thousands)	GVA per head 2020 (thousands)
London	45.0	58.0
North West	22.0	24.5
South East	30.0	36.0
Yorkshire and the Humber	20.0	22.0

(Total for Question 15 is 1 mark)

Mark scheme · GEO.HU7 The UK's Economic Change: Deindustrialisation to Post-Industrial Growth

Question 1

B1 a fall in the proportion of the workforce employed in manufacturing and heavy industry, oe
Answer: A fall in the proportion of the workforce employed in manufacturing and heavy industry.

Question 2

B1 two of: tertiary sector, quaternary sector, information technology services, finance, business services, tourism, healthcare, education, oe
Answer: Tertiary sector and quaternary sector (for example finance and information technology services).

Question 3

B1 e.g. research scientist, software developer, data analyst, or biotech researcher, oe
Answer: Research scientist.

Question 4

B1 Cambridge in Cambridgeshire
B1 opened in the 1970s (1970s) cao
Answer: Cambridge, Cambridgeshire; it opened in the 1970s.

Question 5

B1 reason stated, e.g. competition from low-cost labour overseas, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. manufacturing moved to countries with lower wages and production costs, reducing UK factory output, oe
B1 second linked point, e.g. firms closed or relocated leading to job losses in UK manufacturing, oe
B1 explanation of economic consequence, e.g. industry decline reduced regional employment and shifted investment toward services, oe
Answer: Competition from low-cost labour overseas meant many UK manufacturers moved production abroad; this reduced UK factory output, caused closures and job losses, and shifted investment and employment toward the service sectors.

Question 6

B1 secondary employment falls sharply from 40% in 1980 to 10% in 2020, oe
B1 tertiary and quaternary employment increases from 54% in 1980 to 88% in 2020, oe
B1 primary employment decreases slightly from 6% to 2%, showing a move towards services, oe
Answer: Secondary employment falls sharply from 40% in 1980 to 10% in 2020, while tertiary and quaternary employment rises from 54% to 88% over the same period; primary employment declines slightly from 6% to 2%, showing a clear shift to services.

Question 7

M1 40 - 10 or 10 - 40 seen, oe
A1 30 percentage points cao
Answer: 30 percentage points.

Question 8

B1 impact 1 stated, e.g. long term unemployment in affected communities, oe
B1 linked development, e.g. loss of skilled jobs led to higher unemployment rates and reduced household incomes, oe
B1 impact 2 stated, e.g. population decline or out-migration of young people, oe
B1 linked development, e.g. young workers move to the south for jobs, leaving an ageing population and reducing local demand, oe
B1 further linked effect, e.g. business closures and reduced local services follow lower spending, worsening economic decline, oe
B1 any additional linked social or economic consequence, e.g. negative health outcomes or reduced investment, oe
Answer: For example, deindustrialisation led to long term unemployment in some northern areas as factories closed, reducing household incomes and increasing social problems; many young people moved away to seek work, causing population decline and an ageing population which reduced local demand and led to business and service closures.

Question 9

B1 one named strategy, e.g. Enterprise Zones, Northern Powerhouse, HS2, regional investment, devolution deals, oe
B1 second named strategy distinct from the first, oe
Answer: Enterprise Zones and the Northern Powerhouse.

Question 10

B1 point, e.g. offering tax relief and business rate discounts, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. lower costs make it cheaper to locate and expand there, attracting firms, oe
B1 point, e.g. providing simplified planning rules and investment in infrastructure, oe
B1 linked detail, e.g. faster development and better transport encourages business relocation and job creation, oe
Answer: Enterprise Zones offer measures such as tax relief and business rate discounts to reduce costs, and simplified planning plus targeted infrastructure improvements to make sites easier to develop; these incentives encourage firms to locate there and create jobs.

Question 11

Level 3 (10-12): A detailed, balanced assessment that evaluates a range of strategies with specific evidence, analyses both economic and social outcomes, recognises limitations and trade offs, and reaches a clear, justified judgement about overall success.
Level 2 (5-9): A clear assessment that describes several strategies and their outcomes with some evidence; considers strengths and weaknesses and provides a supported judgement, though depth or balance may be limited.
Level 1 (1-4): Simple or partial statements about one or two strategies with little evidence or explanation, and a weak or no judgement.
Indicative content:
- Evidence of success: Enterprise Zones have attracted some businesses and jobs through tax incentives and improved infrastructure, leading to local employment gains in designated areas.
- Evidence of success: the Northern Powerhouse agenda stimulated investment in transport and devolution, and some northern cities have seen growth in services and tech sectors.
- Evidence of limited success: HS2 promises faster north-south connections and potential economic spillover, but its benefits are contested, with critics arguing that initial gains favour already successful cities and that some planned sections are delayed.
- Limitations: many Enterprise Zones deliver jobs but not always for local residents, and benefits can be spatially limited, concentrating growth in a few places rather than across whole regions.
- Limitations: funding constraints, long project lead times and political changes have reduced the scale or delayed the impact of policies, and structural factors such as historical investment patterns and education gaps persist.
- Other factors: globalisation and the growth of London as a financial centre continue to attract investment to the south; transport and skills policies must be combined to spread benefits.
- Judgement should consider both measurable economic indicators, such as GVA and employment, and social outcomes like reduced inequality and improved local services, and weigh short term gains against long term structural change.

Question 12

B1 e.g. HS2 (High Speed 2), improved rail links in the Northern Powerhouse plan, upgraded road links, or airport expansion, oe
Answer: HS2 (High Speed 2).

Question 13

B1 point, e.g. faster digital links improve communication and allow remote working and cloud services, oe
B1 linked development, e.g. firms can reduce costs, access national and global markets and work across sites, oe
B1 point, e.g. enables growth of digital and quaternary firms which rely on data and connectivity, oe
B1 linked development, e.g. higher productivity and innovation can increase GVA and competitiveness, oe
Answer: Faster broadband and 5G improve communication, enable remote working and cloud services, and let firms access national and global markets more easily; this reduces costs, boosts productivity and supports growth of digital and quaternary firms, increasing competitiveness and GVA.

Question 14

B1 description, e.g. increased commuting housing development in Berkhamsted as people live outside London and travel in for work, oe
B1 linked explanation, e.g. house prices rise and local services change to cater for wealthier commuters, oe
B1 further effect, e.g. loss of agricultural land or change in village character and local community pressures, oe
Answer: Berkhamsted has seen increased housing development and population as a commuter village for London workers; this raises house prices and shifts local services to meet commuter demand, and can pressure local infrastructure and reduce agricultural land or change village character.

Question 15

B1 London
Answer: London.

The UK's Economic Change: Deindustrialisation to Post-Industrial Growth - Worksheets, Questions and Revision