Movement Analysis: Levers, Planes and Axes - Worksheets, Questions and Revision

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GCSE · AQA

PE.MA1 Movement Analysis: Levers, Planes and Axes

AQA 8582 · Calculator allowed · about 50 minutes
Total Marks
Name: _______________________________    Date: ____ / ____ / ______
Answer ALL questions. Show all your working.
1
Which class of lever is the most common in the human body, and is generally suited to producing speed and range of movement rather than force?
  • A) First class lever
  • B) Second class lever
  • C) Third class lever
  • D) Fourth class lever
(Total for Question 1 is 1 mark)
2
Every lever system in the body is made up of three key components.
(a)State what is meant by the 'fulcrum' of a lever.(1)
(b)State what is meant by the 'effort' in a lever system.(1)
(c)State what is meant by the 'load' (or resistance) in a lever system.(1)
(Total for Question 2 is 3 marks)
3
In a first class lever, the fulcrum is positioned between the effort and the load. Extension of the elbow using the triceps brachii, for example during the push/release phase of a shot put, is an example of a first class lever.
(a)Identify the fulcrum in this example.(1)
(b)Identify the effort in this example.(1)
(c)Identify the load in this example.(1)
(d)Using the terms 'effort arm' and 'load arm', explain why this lever arrangement is well suited to a fast, powerful action such as putting a shot.(2)
(Total for Question 3 is 5 marks)
4
In a second class lever, the load is positioned between the fulcrum and the effort. Standing up onto the balls of the feet (a calf raise), for example during the take-off phase of a vertical jump, is an example of a second class lever.
(a)Identify the fulcrum in this example.(1)
(b)Identify the effort in this example.(1)
(c)Identify the load in this example.(1)
(d)State whether this lever arrangement favours force or speed, and explain why, referring to the relative lengths of the effort arm and load arm.(2)
(Total for Question 4 is 5 marks)
5
In a third class lever, the effort is positioned between the fulcrum and the load. Flexion of the elbow using the biceps brachii, for example during the upward phase of a bicep curl, is an example of a third class lever, and this is the most common lever type in the human body.
(a)Identify the fulcrum in this example.(1)
(b)Identify the effort in this example.(1)
(c)Identify the load in this example.(1)
(d)Explain why third class levers, such as this one, are well suited to sporting movements that need speed and a large range of motion.(2)
(Total for Question 5 is 5 marks)
6
The mechanical advantage of a lever can be calculated using the equation: mechanical advantage = length of effort arm / length of load arm. In a simplified model of a second class lever (a calf raise), the effort arm (heel to ball of foot) measures 18 cm and the load arm (ankle to ball of foot) measures 9 cm.
(a)Calculate the mechanical advantage of this lever.(2)
(b)State whether a mechanical advantage of 2 represents a mechanical advantage or a mechanical disadvantage for lifting the load, and briefly explain your answer.(2)
(c)Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of a lever with a mechanical advantage greater than 1 (such as this one), compared with a lever with a mechanical advantage less than 1 (such as the bicep curl in Question 5), in a sporting context.(2)
(Total for Question 6 is 6 marks)
7
Table 1 describes the arrangement of fulcrum (F), load (L) and effort (E) for each class of lever.

Table 1
PartDescription
(a)Fulcrum is positioned between the effort and the load
(b)Load is positioned between the fulcrum and the effort
(c)Effort is positioned between the fulcrum and the load
(d)Which class of lever is used when the hamstrings flex the knee to bring the heel up towards the buttocks during the recovery phase of a sprint stride?
(a)Name the class of lever described in row (a) of Table 1.(1)
(b)Name the class of lever described in row (b) of Table 1.(1)
(c)Name the class of lever described in row (c) of Table 1.(1)
(d)Answer the question given in row (d) of Table 1.(1)
(Total for Question 7 is 4 marks)
8
The human body can move in three planes of movement.
(a)Describe the sagittal plane, and give one sporting example of a movement that takes place within it.(2)
(b)Describe the frontal plane, and give one sporting example of a movement that takes place within it.(2)
(c)Describe the transverse plane, and give one sporting example of a movement that takes place within it.(2)
(Total for Question 8 is 6 marks)
9
Movement in each plane happens as the body rotates about a corresponding axis.
(a)Name the axis about which rotation occurs when a gymnast performs a forward somersault (a movement in the sagittal plane), and describe its orientation through the body.(2)
(b)Name the axis about which rotation occurs when a gymnast performs a cartwheel (a movement in the frontal plane), and describe its orientation through the body.(2)
(c)Name the axis about which rotation occurs when an ice skater performs a spin/pirouette (a movement in the transverse plane), and describe its orientation through the body.(2)
(Total for Question 9 is 6 marks)
10
A trampolinist performs a routine consisting of two rotating skills: a tucked front somersault, and a straight 'barani' (a somersault combined with a half twist about the body's long axis).
(a)Identify the plane of movement and the corresponding axis of rotation used for the basic tucked front somersault.(2)
(b)Identify the plane of movement and the corresponding axis of rotation used for the additional twisting rotation during the barani.(2)
(c)Explain why a skill that combines a somersault with a twist, such as the barani, involves rotation in more than one plane at the same time.(2)
(Total for Question 10 is 6 marks)
11
Explain, using the term 'mechanical advantage', why most lever systems in the human body are suited to producing speed and range of movement rather than force.
(Total for Question 11 is 4 marks)
12
A gymnast performs a straight-arm lateral raise, lifting both arms sideways from resting by the body to shoulder height.
(Total for Question 12 is 2 marks)
13
A diver performs a forward pike dive, bending sharply at the hips to bring the head towards the legs before straightening out and entering the water.
(Total for Question 13 is 2 marks)
14
A figure skater performs an axel jump, taking off, rotating one and a half times while airborne, then landing.
(Total for Question 14 is 2 marks)
15
State the equation used to calculate the mechanical advantage of a lever.
(Total for Question 15 is 1 mark)
16
Explain why a second class lever, such as the calf raise described in Question 4, is well suited to supporting and lifting body weight, referencing mechanical advantage.
(Total for Question 16 is 2 marks)
17
Explain one limitation of the human body having mostly third class levers when it comes to lifting very heavy loads.
(Total for Question 17 is 2 marks)
Mark scheme · PE.MA1 Movement Analysis: Levers, Planes and Axes

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

Question 6

Question 7

Question 8

Question 9

Question 10

Question 11

Question 12

Question 13

Question 14

Question 15

Question 16

Question 17