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F06 Crude Rate and Rates of Change

EDEXCEL 1ST0 · Calculator allowed · about 75 minutes

Total Marks

Name: _______________________________ Date: ____ / ____ / ______

Answer ALL questions. Show all your working.

A crude rate compares the number of events, such as births or deaths, with the size of a population. The crude birth rate formula is:

Crude birth rate = (number of live births / total population) x 1000

This gives the number of births per 1000 people in the population.

(a)In the formula above, what does multiplying by 1000 tell you the crude birth rate is measured per?(1)

(b)The town of Ashdene had 240 live births in 2025. The population of Ashdene is 20,000. Calculate the crude birth rate for Ashdene in 2025.(2)

(Total for Question 1 is 3 marks)

The crude death rate is calculated in a similar way to the crude birth rate:

Crude death rate = (number of deaths / total population) x 1000

Millbrook has a population of 45,000. In 2025, there were 405 deaths recorded in Millbrook.

(a)Calculate the crude death rate for Millbrook in 2025.(2)

(b)Explain what a crude death rate of 9 per 1000 means for Millbrook.(2)

(Total for Question 2 is 4 marks)

For each statement about crude rates, write down whether it is True or False.

(i)A crude rate takes into account the age structure of the population.(1)

(ii)Multiplying by 1000 in the crude rate formula means the rate is expressed as the number of events per 1000 people.(1)

(iii)Crude rates allow fair comparisons to be made between populations of different sizes.(1)

(Total for Question 3 is 3 marks)

The bar chart shows the crude birth rate (per 1000 population) for four countries, P, Q, R and S, in the same year.

(a)Write down the crude birth rate of Country R.(1)

(b)Write down which country has the lowest crude birth rate.(1)

(c)Work out the difference between the highest and the lowest crude birth rates shown on the chart.(2)

(Total for Question 4 is 4 marks)

Oakfield has a population of 6,000 and recorded 90 live births last year. Ferndale has a population of 15,000 and recorded 165 live births in the same year.

(a)Calculate the crude birth rate for Oakfield.(1)

(b)Calculate the crude birth rate for Ferndale.(1)

(c)Ferndale recorded more live births than Oakfield (165 compared with 90). Explain why the crude birth rate still shows that Oakfield has relatively more births than Ferndale, and why comparing the raw number of births alone would be misleading.(2)

(Total for Question 5 is 4 marks)

The national crude birth rate in the country of Bregland is 11 per 1000 population.

(a)Use the national crude birth rate to estimate the number of births expected in the town of Hartwell, which has a population of 32,000.(2)

(b)Give one reason why the actual number of births in Hartwell that year might not exactly match your estimate.(1)

(Total for Question 6 is 3 marks)

A cinema sold 2,400 tickets in January and 2,760 tickets in February. Calculate the percentage rate of change in ticket sales from January to February.

(Total for Question 7 is 3 marks)

The table shows the population and the number of live births recorded in three regions last year.

Region	Population	Births
Aldermoor	18,000	216
Brackenfield	25,000	275
Coldwell	12,000	108

(a)Calculate the crude birth rate for each region.(3)

(b)Write down which region has the highest crude birth rate.(1)

(c)Brackenfield recorded the most live births of the three regions (275), but it does not have the highest crude birth rate. Explain why.(1)

(Total for Question 8 is 5 marks)

Country Nordamia has a population of 4,000,000 and recorded 52,000 live births last year. Country Sudlandia has a population of 9,000,000 and recorded 90,000 live births in the same year.

(a)Calculate the crude birth rate for Nordamia.(1)

(b)Calculate the crude birth rate for Sudlandia.(1)

(c)Compare the two crude birth rates and interpret what this tells you about the two countries.(2)

(Total for Question 9 is 4 marks)

The bar chart shows the crude birth rate (per 1000 population) for the town of Elmsworth in 2005, 2015 and 2025.

(a)Write down the crude birth rate in 2015.(1)

(b)Calculate the percentage decrease in the crude birth rate from 2005 to 2025.(2)

(c)Describe the trend in Elmsworth's crude birth rate shown by the chart.(1)

(d)Give one possible reason for this trend.(1)

(Total for Question 10 is 5 marks)

A museum recorded the number of visitors each year.

Year	Visitors
2022	8,000
2023	8,800
2024	9,240
2025	7,392

(a)Calculate the percentage rate of change in visitor numbers from 2022 to 2023.(2)

(b)Calculate the percentage rate of change in visitor numbers from 2024 to 2025.(2)

(c)The percentage rate of change from 2023 to 2024 was a 5% increase. Using this and your answers to parts (a) and (b), write down which year-on-year period had the greatest rate of change.(1)

(Total for Question 11 is 5 marks)

A small business uses 2020 as the base year for its weekly sales index (base year index = 100). In 2020, average weekly sales were £4,000.

(a)In 2024, average weekly sales were £4,800. Calculate the sales index number for 2024, using 2020 as the base year.(2)

(b)Interpret what an index number of 120 means for the business's 2024 sales, compared with the 2020 base year.(1)

(c)In 2025, the sales index (2020 = 100) was 90. State whether sales had increased or decreased since 2020, and by what percentage.(2)

(Total for Question 12 is 5 marks)

The national crude birth rate in Bregland is 11 per 1000 population. Sunnymead Retirement Estate has a population of 3,000. The great majority of residents at Sunnymead are aged over 70.

(a)Use the national crude birth rate to estimate the number of births expected at Sunnymead Retirement Estate in a year.(2)

(b)Evaluate whether this estimate is likely to be a valid prediction of the actual number of births at Sunnymead Retirement Estate.(2)

(Total for Question 13 is 4 marks)

A council wants to investigate how the crude birth rate in the Rivermead region has changed over 10 years, and how it compares with the national rate for Bregland.

(a)(Plan) State the two pieces of data the council needs to collect in order to calculate the Rivermead region's crude birth rate for a given year.(1)

(b)(Collect) Give one suitable source the council could use to obtain reliable data on births and population.(1)

(c)(Process) The council collects the following data. In 2015, Rivermead had a population of 210,000 and 2,520 live births. In 2025, Rivermead had a population of 225,000 and 2,925 live births. Calculate the crude birth rate for Rivermead in 2015 and in 2025.(2)

(d)(Interpret) The national crude birth rate for Bregland in 2025 was 11 per 1000. Interpret the change in Rivermead's crude birth rate from 2015 to 2025, and compare Rivermead's 2025 rate with the national rate.(2)

(Total for Question 14 is 6 marks)

A newspaper claims: 'Zenland has a crude birth rate of 9 per 1000, and Aurelia has a crude birth rate of 14 per 1000, so Aurelia must have more babies born each year than Zenland.' Zenland has a population of 40,000,000. Aurelia has a population of 2,000,000.

(a)Calculate the actual number of births in Zenland in a year.(2)

(b)Calculate the actual number of births in Aurelia in a year.(2)

(c)Evaluate the newspaper's claim, using your answers to parts (a) and (b).(2)

(Total for Question 15 is 6 marks)

The national crude death rate is 9 per 1000. Seaford District has a population of 60,000.

(a)Use the national crude death rate to calculate the number of deaths expected in Seaford District in a year.(2)

(b)The actual number of deaths recorded in Seaford District that year was 690. Work out how many more deaths occurred than expected.(2)

(c)Seaford District has a much older population than the national average (it contains several large retirement communities). Explain why this could account for the higher-than-expected number of deaths, and suggest what kind of rate might give a fairer comparison between districts with different age structures.(2)

(Total for Question 16 is 6 marks)

A health board is deciding which of three towns should receive extra funding for elderly care services. It plans to rank the towns by their crude death rate alone (highest rate = greatest priority).

Town	Population	Deaths
Ashcombe	30,000	360
Birchwood	45,000	315
Corfield	20,000	320

(a)Complete the table by calculating the crude death rate for each town.(3)

(b)According to crude death rate alone, write down which town the health board would prioritise.(1)

(c)Evaluate whether ranking the towns by crude death rate alone is a valid way to decide where to allocate elderly care funding.(2)

(Total for Question 17 is 6 marks)

Mark scheme · F06 Crude Rate and Rates of Change

Question 1

(a) B1 per 1000 people (of the population), oe
(a) Answer: Per 1000 people in the population.
(b) M1 240 / 20000 (= 0.012), oe
(b) A1 12 (per 1000) cao
(b) Answer: 12 per 1000

Question 2

(a) M1 405 / 45000 (= 0.009), oe
(a) A1 9 (per 1000) cao
(a) Answer: 9 per 1000
(b) B1 identifies that, on average, 9 people out of every 1000 in Millbrook's population die that year, oe
(b) B1 links the rate to the size of the population, not just a raw count of deaths, oe
(b) Answer: On average, about 9 people die per 1000 of Millbrook's population each year.

Question 3

(i) B1 False cao
(i) Answer: False
(ii) B1 True cao
(ii) Answer: True
(iii) B1 True cao
(iii) Answer: True

Question 4

(a) B1 12 cao
(a) Answer: 12 per 1000
(b) B1 Country P cao
(b) Answer: Country P
(c) M1 18 - 9, oe
(c) A1 9 cao
(c) Answer: 9 (per 1000)

Question 5

(a) B1 15 (per 1000) cao
(a) Answer: 15 per 1000
(b) B1 11 (per 1000) cao
(b) Answer: 11 per 1000
(c) B1 identifies that Oakfield's rate (15) is higher than Ferndale's rate (11), even though Oakfield had fewer raw births
(c) B1 explains that a rate adjusts for population size so it allows a fair comparison, whereas the raw count is affected by Ferndale simply having a much larger population, oe
(c) Answer: Oakfield's crude birth rate (15 per 1000) is higher than Ferndale's (11 per 1000) because Oakfield's births are compared with a much smaller population. Comparing raw counts alone would be misleading, since Ferndale's larger population makes its birth count look bigger even though proportionally fewer people are having babies.

Question 6

(a) M1 (32000 / 1000) x 11, oe
(a) A1 352 cao
(a) Answer: 352 births
(b) B1 any valid reason, e.g. Hartwell's age or gender structure may differ from the national average, or the birth rate can vary from year to year or place to place, oe
(b) Answer: Hartwell's population may have a different age or gender structure from the national average, so its actual birth rate could differ from the national figure.

Question 7

M1 2760 - 2400 (= 360), oe
M1 360 / 2400, oe
A1 15% cao
Answer: 15% increase

Question 8

(a) B1 Aldermoor = 12 (per 1000) cao
(a) B1 Brackenfield = 11 (per 1000) cao
(a) B1 Coldwell = 9 (per 1000) cao
(a) Answer: Aldermoor 12 per 1000; Brackenfield 11 per 1000; Coldwell 9 per 1000
(b) B1 Aldermoor cao (ft their rates from part (a))
(b) Answer: Aldermoor
(c) B1 Brackenfield's population (25,000) is also the largest, so its births are shared across more people, giving a lower rate than Aldermoor's, oe
(c) Answer: Brackenfield has the largest population (25,000), so even though it has the most births overall, its births per 1000 people are lower than Aldermoor's.

Question 9

(a) B1 13 (per 1000) cao
(a) Answer: 13 per 1000
(b) B1 10 (per 1000) cao
(b) Answer: 10 per 1000
(c) B1 Nordamia's rate (13) is higher than Sudlandia's (10)
(c) B1 interprets that, relative to population size, Nordamia has more births than Sudlandia, even though Sudlandia's total population is much larger, oe
(c) Answer: Nordamia has the higher crude birth rate (13 per 1000, compared with 10 per 1000 for Sudlandia), so relative to its population, Nordamia has more births even though Sudlandia is a much bigger country.

Question 10

(a) B1 14 cao
(a) Answer: 14 per 1000
(b) M1 (16 - 12) / 16, oe
(b) A1 25% cao
(b) Answer: 25% decrease
(c) B1 the crude birth rate has steadily decreased/fallen from 2005 to 2025, oe
(c) Answer: Elmsworth's crude birth rate has steadily decreased between 2005 and 2025.
(d) B1 any sensible reason, e.g. people choosing to have fewer children, an ageing population, young people moving away, oe
(d) Answer: People in Elmsworth may be choosing to have fewer children than in the past.

Question 11

(a) M1 (8800 - 8000) / 8000, oe
(a) A1 10% increase cao
(a) Answer: 10% increase
(b) M1 (7392 - 9240) / 9240, oe
(b) A1 20% decrease cao
(b) Answer: 20% decrease
(c) B1 2024 to 2025 cao (ft from their percentage rates of change)
(c) Answer: 2024 to 2025

Question 12

(a) M1 (4800 / 4000) x 100, oe
(a) A1 120 cao
(a) Answer: 120
(b) B1 sales in 2024 were 20% higher than (or 120% of) sales in the base year 2020, oe
(b) Answer: Sales in 2024 were 20% higher than in the base year 2020.
(c) B1 decreased
(c) B1 10% cao
(c) Answer: Decreased by 10%

Question 13

(a) M1 (3000 / 1000) x 11, oe
(a) A1 33 cao
(a) Answer: 33 births
(b) B1 identifies that the estimate is not likely to be valid/reliable
(b) B1 explains that the national rate reflects a typical population, but Sunnymead's population is much older with very few residents of childbearing age, so the true number of births will be far lower than 33 (likely close to zero), oe
(b) Answer: The estimate is not valid: the national rate assumes a typical age structure, but Sunnymead's population is mostly over 70, with very few residents able to have children, so the actual number of births will be much lower than 33 (probably close to zero).

Question 14

(a) B1 the number of live births in the region that year, and the total population of the region that year, oe
(a) Answer: The number of live births in Rivermead that year, and the total population of Rivermead that year.
(b) B1 any valid source, e.g. official birth registration records, or population data from a national statistics agency/census, oe
(b) Answer: Official birth registration records, or population figures published by a national statistics agency.
(c) B1 2015 rate = 12 (per 1000) cao
(c) B1 2025 rate = 13 (per 1000) cao
(c) Answer: 2015: 12 per 1000; 2025: 13 per 1000
(d) B1 Rivermead's crude birth rate has risen slightly, from 12 to 13 per 1000, between 2015 and 2025
(d) B1 by 2025, Rivermead's rate (13) is higher than the national rate (11), so Rivermead has relatively more births than the country as a whole, oe
(d) Answer: Rivermead's crude birth rate rose slightly from 12 to 13 per 1000 between 2015 and 2025, and by 2025 it was higher than the national rate of 11 per 1000, showing Rivermead has proportionally more births than Bregland as a whole.

Question 15

(a) M1 (40000000 / 1000) x 9, oe
(a) A1 360000 cao
(a) Answer: 360,000 births
(b) M1 (2000000 / 1000) x 14, oe
(b) A1 28000 cao
(b) Answer: 28,000 births
(c) B1 identifies that the claim is false/incorrect
(c) B1 explains that Zenland actually has far more births (360,000) than Aurelia (28,000), because Zenland's much larger population means even a lower rate produces a bigger total; the crude rate reflects proportion, not the total count, oe
(c) Answer: The claim is false: Zenland actually has many more births (360,000) than Aurelia (28,000) each year, because Zenland's population is so much larger. A higher crude rate does not necessarily mean a higher total number of events.

Question 16

(a) M1 (60000 / 1000) x 9, oe
(a) A1 540 cao
(a) Answer: 540 deaths (expected)
(b) M1 690 - 540, oe
(b) A1 150 cao
(b) Answer: 150 more deaths than expected
(c) B1 an older population naturally has a higher death rate, so Seaford's age structure, not necessarily poor health/care, could explain the extra deaths, oe
(c) B1 suggests a rate that adjusts/standardises for age structure (an age-standardised rate) would allow a fairer comparison than the crude rate, oe
(c) Answer: Older populations naturally have higher death rates, so Seaford's higher-than-expected total could simply reflect its older age structure rather than poorer health outcomes. An age-standardised rate, which adjusts for age structure, would give a fairer comparison between districts than the crude rate.

Question 17

(a) B1 Ashcombe = 12 (per 1000) cao
(a) B1 Birchwood = 7 (per 1000) cao
(a) B1 Corfield = 16 (per 1000) cao
(a) Answer: Ashcombe 12 per 1000; Birchwood 7 per 1000; Corfield 16 per 1000
(b) B1 Corfield cao (ft their rates from part (a))
(b) Answer: Corfield
(c) B1 identifies a limitation, e.g. crude rate does not account for age structure, so a town could have a high crude death rate simply because it has an older population, not because of a greater need for elderly care funding, oe
(c) B1 suggests a fairer alternative/additional factor, e.g. using an age-standardised rate, or considering the actual number of elderly residents needing care, oe
(c) Answer: Ranking by crude death rate alone may not be valid: a town could have a high crude rate simply because it has an older population, not because it lacks elderly care services. A fairer method would consider an age-standardised death rate, or the actual number of elderly residents who need care.

Crude Rate and Rates of Change - Worksheets, Questions and Revision