Name two nutrients that are important for growth and repair in the body.
(1)
2
Which nutrient is the main source of energy for cells? Choose one: A) Protein B) Carbohydrate C) Fibre D) Vitamin C
A) Protein
B) Carbohydrate
C) Fibre
D) Vitamin C
3
Describe one way a balanced diet helps keep the body healthy.
(2)
4
Priya measures the mass of food she eats each day for a week. Her average daily food mass is 900 g and she burns about 9 000 kJ of energy each day. Explain why mass of food eaten is not the same as energy intake.
(4)
5
Complete the sentence. Regular aerobic exercise mainly improves the health of the: A) digestive system B) circulatory system C) skeletal system D) excretory system
A) digestive system
B) circulatory system
C) skeletal system
D) excretory system
6
A student times how long it takes Kwame to run 400 m. Kwame runs it in 1 minute 40 seconds. Calculate Kwame's average speed in metres per second (m/s).
(3)
7
Smoking is known to harm the lungs and heart. Give one health risk linked to smoking and name the body system affected.
(1)
8
Explain one way long-term heavy drinking of alcohol can damage the body.
(3)
9
A food label shows: Carbohydrate 60 g per 100 g, of which sugars 20 g per 100 g, Fat 10 g per 100 g, Protein 8 g per 100 g, Fibre 5 g per 100 g. Calculate the percentage of the food that is made of sugar by mass.
(4)
10
A teenager follows a diet that contains 70 g of protein per day. Explain why protein is important in the diet for repairing muscles after exercise. Give one example of a protein-rich food.
(2)
11
A class investigates the effect of regular exercise on resting heart rate. The class records resting heart rates of 10 pupils before and after a 6-week exercise programme. Suggest one variable they should control to make the test fair and explain why. Also give one practical improvement to reduce random variation in measurements.
(3)
12
Which of these is NOT a nutrient required in the diet: A) Vitamins B) Minerals C) Alcohol D) Protein
A) Vitamins
B) Minerals
C) Alcohol
D) Protein
13
Explain how smoking during pregnancy can affect the developing baby. Mention at least one specific effect and the mechanism by which smoking causes it.
(4)
14
Evaluate the statement: 'A balanced diet and regular exercise are enough to ensure good long-term health.' In your answer discuss at least two other lifestyle or environmental factors that affect health, give evidence or reasons, and reach a supported conclusion.
(6)
15
A nutritionist recommends an athlete increases carbohydrate intake before a long race. Explain why increasing carbohydrates before endurance exercise helps performance and give one practical example of a carbohydrate-rich meal.
(3)
16
A pack of cigarettes contains about 20 cigarettes. If a smoker smokes 15 cigarettes per day, estimate how many packs they buy in a 30-day month, and calculate the annual number of cigarettes smoked. Show your working.
(4)
17
Name two short-term effects of taking stimulant drugs (for example, caffeine or some illegal stimulants) on the body.
(2)
18
A survey records that pupils who sleep less than 6 hours per night report more tiredness and lower concentration in class. Explain two ways poor sleep could lead to poorer school performance, linking biological effects to the outcomes.
(4)
Mark scheme · K17 Health, Lifestyle and Drugs
Question 1
B1 any one of: protein, vitamins, minerals (eg calcium), oe
Answer: Protein and vitamins (for example).
Question 2
B1 B cao
Answer: B) Carbohydrate
Question 3
M1 statement of a benefit (eg provides energy, supplies vitamins/minerals, supports growth and repair, maintains a healthy weight)
A1 brief explanation linking the nutrient to health (eg carbohydrates give energy for activity; vitamins help immune system) cao
Answer: A balanced diet provides energy from carbohydrates so we can be active and provides vitamins that help the immune system.
Question 4
M1 statement that different foods have different energy per gram (eg fats have more energy per g than carbohydrates or fibre)
M1 statement that energy intake depends on the types of nutrients and their energy content, not only mass
A1 conclusion linking to Priya: eating 900 g of low-energy foods could give less energy than a smaller mass of high-energy food, so mass ≠ energy intake cao
A1 additional valid point: water content changes mass but not energy, or different portion composition affects energy
Answer: Different foods contain different energy per gram (eg fats give more kJ per g than carbohydrates; water adds mass but no energy), so 900 g of food does not uniquely determine energy intake.
Question 5
B1 B cao
Answer: B) circulatory system
Question 6
M1 convert time and substitute speed = distance / time: 400 / 100
A1 4.0 m/s cao
B1 speed stated with correct unit m/s
Answer: 4.0 m/s
Question 7
B1 any one of: lung cancer (respiratory system), chronic bronchitis or emphysema (respiratory system), increased risk of heart disease or stroke (circulatory system), oe
Answer: Increased risk of lung cancer; respiratory system.
Question 8
M1 identification of a damage effect (eg liver disease, liver cirrhosis, reduced brain function, increased blood pressure)
M1 reason describing how alcohol causes the damage (eg alcohol is toxic to liver cells causing scarring; it affects brain cells altering behaviour)
A1 link to long-term heavy drinking as cause and a clear consequence (eg reduced liver function, memory problems, increased risk of accidents) cao
Answer: Alcohol can damage the liver because it is toxic to liver cells, causing scarring (cirrhosis) and reduced liver function after long-term heavy drinking.
Question 9
M1 identify that sugars are 20 g per 100 g and set up calculation percentage = (20 / 100) x 100
M1 perform calculation 20 / 100 = 0.20
A1 20% cao
B1 answer given as a percentage with correct symbol or word
Answer: 20%
Question 10
M1 state that protein provides amino acids used to repair and build muscle tissue
A1 give an example of a protein-rich food (eg chicken, beans, eggs, tofu) cao
Answer: Protein supplies amino acids needed to repair and build muscle after exercise; example: chicken.
Question 11
M1 identify a control variable (eg measure resting heart rate at the same time of day, control caffeine or recent exercise, ensure pupils are rested)
M1 explain why controlling that variable is important (eg time of day affects heart rate; recent activity or caffeine raises heart rate)
A1 suggest a practical improvement to reduce random variation (eg take the average of three readings, use the same person to measure pulse, ensure quiet rest period before measuring) cao
Answer: Control time of day for measurements so circadian variation does not affect results; take the average of three readings to reduce random variation.
Question 12
B1 C cao
B1 brief reason (eg alcohol provides energy but is not an essential nutrient) oe
Answer: C) Alcohol
Question 13
M1 identify a specific effect on the baby (eg low birth weight, increased risk of premature birth, breathing problems)
M1 state a mechanism (eg carbon monoxide reduces oxygen in mothers blood; nicotine reduces blood flow to placenta)
A1 link mechanism to effect (eg reduced oxygen supply causes slower growth and lower birth weight)
A1 explicitly state that these risks are increased if the mother smokes during pregnancy cao
Answer: Smoking can cause low birth weight and increase premature birth risk because carbon monoxide reduces oxygen carried in the mother's blood and nicotine reduces blood flow to the placenta, so the baby gets less oxygen and nutrients.
Question 14
Level 3 (5-6): Detailed evaluation: discusses at least two other factors (eg smoking, alcohol, genetics, mental health, socioeconomic factors, pollution), gives clear reasoning or evidence for how each affects health, considers limitations of diet and exercise alone, and reaches a well supported conclusion.
Level 2 (3-4): Some evaluation: discusses one or two other factors with some reasoning, recognises that diet and exercise help but may not be sufficient, and gives a simple conclusion.
Level 1 (1-2): Basic points: limited mention of another factor or a simple statement that diet and exercise help, with little or no reasoning and no clear conclusion.
Indicative content:
Other factors could include smoking, alcohol, drug use, genetics, mental health, access to healthcare, sleep, and pollution.
Explain how smoking increases risk of respiratory and circulatory diseases; how alcohol can damage liver and brain and increase accident risk.
Discuss socioeconomic factors and stress affecting diet choices and access to exercise.
Mention that diet and exercise reduce risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and heart disease but cannot remove genetic risks or exposure to pollutants.
Make a reasoned conclusion that diet and exercise are important but not always sufficient for good long-term health; other factors must be managed too.
Question 15
M1 state that carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in muscles and liver
M1 explain that higher glycogen stores delay fatigue and provide energy during endurance exercise
A1 give a practical example of a carbohydrate-rich meal (eg pasta with tomato sauce, rice and beans, porridge) cao
Answer: Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in muscles and liver; increasing them before a long race increases glycogen stores which delays fatigue and supplies energy during the race. Example meal: pasta with tomato sauce.
Question 16
M1 calculate packs per month: 15 x 30 = 450 cigarettes, 450 / 20 = 22.5 packs
M1 state an appropriate rounded packs value or show decimal packs (eg 22.5 packs)
M1 calculate annual cigarettes: 15 x 365 = 5475
A1 correct final annual cigarettes 5475 cao
Answer: Packs per 30-day month = 450 / 20 = 22.5 packs; Annual cigarettes = 15 x 365 = 5475
Question 17
B1 any one short-term effect: increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased alertness, reduced appetite, restlessness, oe
B1 a second short-term effect different from the first, oe
M1 identify one biological effect of poor sleep (eg reduced concentration, impaired memory consolidation, slower reaction times)
M1 explain how that biological effect causes poorer school performance (eg impaired memory makes learning and recall harder)
M1 identify a second biological effect (eg increased tiredness, mood changes affecting motivation)
A1 explain link from second effect to performance (eg tiredness lowers attention in lessons, mood lowers participation) cao
Answer: Poor sleep reduces memory consolidation and concentration, so pupils find it harder to learn and recall information; it also causes tiredness and mood changes that lower attention and motivation in class.