Medicine in Britain, c1250-present: Change and Continuity in the Treatment and Prevention of Disease

Tick each line you got. Your score builds from the marks on the scheme.

• identifies a valid similarity, e.g. both periods relied partly on prayer and on burning sweet-smelling substances to clear miasma.1 mark
• supports the Black Death side, e.g. in 1348-49, some people turned to religious processions, flagellation and prayer for protection, and avoided crowds and the sick where possible.1 mark
• supports the Great Plague side, e.g. in 1665, alongside new government Plague Orders, ordinary people still burned herbs against bad air, prayed, and fled infected towns if they had the means.1 mark
• makes the similarity explicit, e.g. individual, religious responses to plague survived largely unchanged even as government-led measures became more organised.1 mark

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• general statements with little specific detail.3 marks
• explains one or two factors with specific detail, but does not link them.3 marks
• explains several linked factors with specific supporting detail, reaching a clear overall explanation.3 marks
• Content that earns credit: individuals made specific breakthroughs, e.g. Jenner's vaccination in 1796, Lister's antiseptic surgery from 1865 and Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1928; science and technology gave doctors real, tested explanations for disease, such as germ theory in 1861, that treatments could finally target directly, rather than treating a vague imbalance; war, especially the Second World War, created urgent demand and government funding that turned Fleming's discovery into a mass-produced drug in the 1940s far faster than peacetime research would have; government legislation and, eventually, the NHS in 1948 made new treatments available to the whole population rather than only wealthier patients.3 marks

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Tick each line you got. Your score builds from the marks on the scheme.

• general, unsupported assertions.3 marks
• describes war and/or other factors with some specific detail, but does not clearly weigh them against each other.3 marks
• explains war AND at least one other factor (e.g. individuals, science and technology, government) with specific detail, beginning to weigh them.2 marks
• a sustained, well-supported judgement weighing war against other factors, reaching a clear, justified conclusion.2 marks
• Content supporting the statement: the Second World War turned Fleming's 1928 laboratory discovery of penicillin into a mass-produced, life-saving drug by the mid-1940s, since the urgent need to treat infected wounds among huge numbers of soldiers, backed by wartime government funding, especially from the United States, solved production problems that peacetime research had left unsolved for over a decade.2 marks
• Content challenging the statement: many of the period's most important changes owed little or nothing to war, e.g. Jenner's vaccination in 1796 came from observing milkmaids and cowpox, Lister's antiseptic surgery from 1865 came from applying Pasteur's germ theory, and the NHS in 1948 was created by a peacetime political decision to guarantee universal free healthcare, showing that individuals, science and government action drove change throughout the period independently of war.2 marks
• A strong answer concludes with a supported judgement, e.g. that war could sharply speed up the DEVELOPMENT of an existing discovery, as with penicillin, but it was not the main reason new treatments and preventive ideas were discovered or made available to the whole population in the first place.2 marks

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